Jr.

George Hicks, M.D., Chief of Cardiac Surgery and Professor of Surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center, received his M.D. from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and additionally completed his residency and fellowship from the University of Rochester School of Medicine. Dr. Hicks joined the Department of Surgery in 1981 and has been Chief of the Division of Cardiac Surgery and program director for Cardiothoracic surgery since 1990. His areas of special interest include coronary artery disease, aortic and valve surgery and the use of cardiac simulation for educational purposes.
Dr. Hicks has been nationally involved in developing cardiac simulation for use in resident education for the last several years. He has been integral in pioneering new methods of assessment and simulation through a cardiothoracic "boot camp", new technology seminars and local skill sessions with residents and medical students.
Dr. Hicks is a member of the American Association of Thoracic Surgeons, Society for Thoracic Surgeons, Chairman of Workforce on Education STS, current President of the Thoracic Surgery Directors Association, the Chairman of the Education Committee ABTS, Co-Chair of the Committee on Evaluation of LMS/CMS for global curriculum, and is a member of several more boards and societies.

• Hicks GL. Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Dec; 94(6):1892-3.
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• Swartz MF, Fink GW, Sarwar MF, Hicks GL, Yu Y, Hu R, Lutz CJ, Taffet SM, Jalife J. Elevated Pre-Operative Serum Peptides for Collagen I and III Synthesis Result in Post-Surgical Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Oct 30; 60(18):1799-806.
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• Fann JI, Sullivan ME, Skeff KM, Stratos GA, Walker JD, Grossi EA, Verrier ED, Hicks GL, Feins RH. Teaching behaviors in the cardiac surgery simulation environment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Jan; 145(1):45-53.
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• Hicks GL. Invited commentary. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Jul; 94(1):7.
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• Fann JI, Feins RH, Hicks GL, Nesbitt JC, Hammon JW, Crawford FA. Evaluation of simulation training in cardiothoracic surgery: The Senior Tour perspective. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012 Feb; 143(2):264-272.e9.
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• Schiralli MP, Hicks GL, Angona RE, Gangemi JJ. An inexpensive cardiac bypass cannulation simulator: facing challenges of modern training. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Jun; 89(6):2056-7.
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• Hicks GL, Gangemi J, Angona RE, Ramphal PS, Feins RH, Fann JI. Cardiopulmonary bypass simulation at the Boot Camp. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Jan; 141(1):284-92.
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• Fann JI, Calhoon JH, Carpenter AJ, Merrill WH, Brown JW, Poston RS, Kalani M, Murray GF, Hicks GL, Feins RH. Simulation in coronary artery anastomosis early in cardiothoracic surgical residency training: the Boot Camp experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 May; 139(5):1275-81.
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• Hicks GL, Brown JW, Calhoon JH, Merrill WH. You never know unless you try. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Oct; 136(4):814-5.
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• Hicks GL, Brown JW, Calhoon JH, Merrill WH. You never know unless you try. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Oct; 86(4):1063-4.
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• Rogers MA, Blumberg N, Heal JM, Hicks GL. Increased risk of infection and mortality in women after cardiac surgery related to allogeneic blood transfusion. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007 Dec; 16(10):1412-20.
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• Blumberg N, Heal JM, Cowles JW, Hicks GL, Risher WH, Samuel PK, Kirkley SA. Leukocyte-reduced transfusions in cardiac surgery results of an implementation trial. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002 Sep; 118(3):376-81.
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• Hicks GL, Massey HT. Update on indications for surgery in aortic insufficiency. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002 Mar; 17(2):172-8.
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• Adsumelli RS, Shapiro JR, Shah PM, Martella AT, Afifi AY, Risher WB, Hicks GL. Hemodynamic effects of chest closure in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001 Oct; 15(5):589-92.
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• Blumberg N, Heal JM, Hicks GL, Risher WH. Association of ABO-mismatched platelet transfusions with morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. Transfusion. 2001 Jun; 41(6):790-3.
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• Hicks GL. Cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 1998 Feb; 186(2):129-33.
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• Meltzer RS, Adsumelli R, Risher WH, Hicks GL, Stern DH, Shah PM, Wojtczak JA, Lustik SJ, Gayeski TE, Shapiro JR, Carstensen EL. Lack of lung hemorrhage in humans after intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography with ultrasound exposure conditions similar to those causing lung hemorrhage in laboratory animals. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998 Jan; 11(1):57-60.
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• Zhu Q, Yu W, Yang X, Hicks GL, Lanzafame RJ, Wang T. Photo-irradiation improved functional preservation of the isolated rat heart. Lasers Surg Med. 1997; 20(3):332-9.
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• Serletti JM, Feins RH, Carras AJ, Losee JE, Johnstone DW, Herrera HR, Hicks GL. Obliteration of empyema tract with deepithelialized unipedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Sep; 112(3):631-6.
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• Yang X, Zhu Q, Fong J, Gu X, Hicks GL, Bishop SP, Wang T. Enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enhances functional preservation during long-term cardiac preservation. Possible involvement of bradykinin and PKC. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996 Jul; 28(7):1445-52.
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• Zhu Q, Yang X, Hicks GL, Wang T. Twenty-four-hour intermittent perfusion storage of the isolated rat heart. II. Perfusion pressure and functional preservation. J Surg Res. 1996 Feb 15; 61(1):159-64.
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• Zhu Q, Yang X, Claydon MA, Hicks GL, Wang T. Twenty-four hour intermittent perfusion storage of the isolated rat heart: the effect of perfusion intervals on functional preservation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994 Sep-Oct; 13(5):882-90.
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• Yang X, Zhu Q, Claydon MA, Hicks GL, Wang T. Enhanced functional preservation of cold-stored rat heart by a nucleoside transport inhibitor. Transplantation. 1994 Jul 15; 58(1):28-34.
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• Watanabe BI, Hicks GL, Wang T. Deferoxamine given at reperfusion improves function of the cold-stored rat heart. J Surg Res. 1994 Jul; 57(1):164-9.
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• Zhu Q, Yang X, Claydon MA, Hicks GL, Wang T. Adenosine deaminase inhibitor in cardioplegia enhanced function preservation of the hypothermically stored rat heart. Transplantation. 1994 Jan; 57(1):35-40.
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• Harpaz D, Shah P, Hicks G, Meltzer R. Transesophageal echocardiographic recognition of an unusual complication of aortic valve endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1994 Jan-Feb; 7(1):72-8.
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• Harpaz D, Shah P, Bezante G, Heo M, Stewart S, Hicks GL, Hall WJ, Meltzer RS. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic sizing of the aortic annulus to determine prosthesis size. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Dec 15; 72(18):1411-7.
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• Yang X, Zhu Q, Layne JR, Claydon M, Hicks GL, Wang T. Subzero nonfreezing storage of the mammalian cardiac explant. I. Methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol as colligative cryoprotectants. Cryobiology. 1993 Aug; 30(4):366-75.
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• Murphy PJ, Connery C, Hicks GL, Blumberg N. Homologous blood transfusion as a risk factor for postoperative infection after coronary artery bypass graft operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992 Oct; 104(4):1092-9.
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• King KB, Clark PC, Norsen LH, Hicks GL. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in older women and men. Am J Crit Care. 1992 Sep; 1(2):28-35.
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• Zhu Q, Layne JR, Claydon M, Hicks GL, Wang T. Freezing preservation of the mammalian cardiac explant. VI. Effect of thawing rate on functional recovery. Cryobiology. 1992 Aug; 29(4):478-84.
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• Wang T, Banker MC, Claydon M, Hicks GL, Layne JR. Freezing preservation of the mammalian cardiac explant. V. Cryoprotection by ethanol. Cryobiology. 1992 Aug; 29(4):470-7.
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• Banker MC, Layne JR, Hicks GL, Wang T. Freezing preservation of the mammalian heart explant. III. Tissue dehydration and cryoprotection by polyethylene glycol. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1992 Jul-Aug; 11(4 Pt 1):619-23.
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• Hicks GL. Retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia using the magic bubble: simplified steps to avoid problems. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 May; 53(5):943.
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• Hicks GL. Coronary artery operation in radiation-associated atherosclerosis: long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Apr; 53(4):670-4.
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• Banker MC, Layne JR, Hicks GL, Wang TC. Freezing preservation of the mammalian cardiac explant. II. Comparing the protective effect of glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Cryobiology. 1992 Feb; 29(1):87-94.
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• King KB, Clark PC, Hicks GL. Patterns of referral and recovery in women and men undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Jan 15; 69(3):179-82.
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• Banker MC, Hicks GL, Tibi P, Pearce F. Metabolic and functional cardiac impairment after reperfusion with persantine. J Surg Res. 1991 Aug; 51(2):154-7.
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• Boustany CW, Murphy GW, Hicks GL. Mitral valve replacement in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Jun; 51(6):1007-9.
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• Wang TC, Connery CP, Batty PR, Hicks GL, DeWeese JA, Layne JR. Freezing preservation of adult mammalian heart at high subzero temperatures. Cryobiology. 1991 Apr; 28(2):171-6.
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• Wang T, Batty PR, Hicks GL, DeWeese JA. Long-term hypothermic storage of the cardiac explant. Comparison of four solutions. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1991 Jan-Feb; 32(1):21-5.
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• Batty PR, Hicks GL, DeWeese JA, Wang TC. Optimal osmolality for cold storage of the cardiac explant. J Surg Res. 1990 Jun; 48(6):601-5.
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• Batty PR, Hicks GL, De Weese JA, Wang TC. The calcium requirement for hypothermic storage of the cardiac explant. Curr Surg. 1989 Jul-Aug; 46(4):313-6.
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• Stewart S, Cianciotta D, Hicks GL, DeWeese JA. The Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve prosthesis. Long-term results in 273 patients with 1253 patient-years of follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988 Jun; 95(6):1023-30.
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• Ouriel K, Ginsburg ME, Patti CS, Pearce FJ, Hicks GL. Verapamil crystalloid cardioplegia: an experimental evaluation of dose-response relationships. J Surg Res. 1987 Aug; 43(2):164-71.
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• King KB, Norsen LH, Robertson RK, Hicks GL. Patient management of pain medication after cardiac surgery. Nurs Res. 1987 May-Jun; 36(3):145-50.
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• Tibi PR, Simmons D, Hicks GL. Improving argon ion laser atheroablation using microlens fibers. Curr Surg. 1987 May-Jun; 44(3):216-8.
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• DeWall RA, Schuster B, Hicks G, Pelletier C, Bonan R, Martineau JP, Panebianco A, Yip L. Seventy-six month experience with the Omniscience cardiac valve. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1987 May-Jun; 28(3):328-32.
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• Tibi PR, Latham S, Hicks GL. Argon ion laser atheroablation: influence of plaque composition. Tex Heart Inst J. 1987 Mar; 14(1):88-93.
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• Barold SS, Hicks GL, Nanda NC, Ong LS, Falkoff MD, Heinle RA. Mitral valve myxoma diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Jan 1; 59(1):182-3.
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• Hicks GL. The impossible intubation--what next? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1986 Nov-Dec; 27(6):737-9.
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• Duff SB, Hicks GL. Aortic arch dissection with an aberrant right subclavian artery: surgical treatment. Tex Heart Inst J. 1986 Jun; 13(2):233-5.
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• Hicks GL. Verapamil-potassium cardioplegia: a two-year experience with 470 patients. Tex Heart Inst J. 1986 Mar; 13(1):69-75.
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• Ouriel K, Ginsburg ME, Patti CS, Pearce FJ, Hicks GL. Preservation of myocardial function with mannitol reperfusate. Circulation. 1985 Sep; 72(3 Pt 2):II254-8.
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• Hicks GL. Fibrosing mediastinitis complicating coronary artery surgery. Use of the descending thoracic aorta. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1985 Sep-Oct; 26(5):514-5.
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• Hicks GL, Jensen LA, Norsen LH, Quinn JR, Stewart SS, DeWeese JA. Platelet inhibitors and hydroxyethyl starch: safe and cost-effective interventions in coronary artery surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985 May; 39(5):422-5.
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• Hicks GL, DeWeese JA. Verapamil potassium cardioplegia and cardiac conduction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985 Apr; 39(4):324-8.
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• Fowler NO, Gabel M. The hemodynamic effects of cardiac tamponade: mainly the result of atrial, not ventricular, compression. Circulation. 1985 Jan; 71(1):154-7.
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• Dewall R, Pelletier LC, Panebianco A, Hicks G, Schuster B, Bonan R, Martineau JP, Yip L. Factors influencing thromboembolic complications in Omniscience cardiac valve patients. Eur Heart J. 1984 Oct; 5 Suppl D:53-7.
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• DeWall R, Pelletier LC, Panebianco A, Hicks G, Schuster B, Bonan R, Martineau JP, Yip L. Five-year clinical experience with the Omniscience cardiac valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Sep; 38(3):275-80.
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• Hicks GL, Salley RK, DeWeese JA. Calcium channel blockers: an intraoperative and postoperative trial in women. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Apr; 37(4):319-23.
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• Hicks GL. Dissection of the internal mammary artery during cephalic vein removal for coronary artery surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Jan; 37(1):95.
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• Hicks GL. Heparin resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Oct; 86(4):633.
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• Hicks GL, Haake W, Stewart SS, DeWeese JA. The nuts and bolts of sternal dehiscence. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983 Sep; 36(3):364-5.
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• Blumberg N, Hicks G, Woll J, Nusbacher J, Cox MT, Wilbur D, Schwedfeger D, McMican A. Successful cardiac bypass surgery in the presence of a potent cold agglutinin without plasma exchange. Transfusion. 1983 Jul-Aug; 23(4):363.
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• Hicks GL, Arnold W, DeWall RA. Fluorocarbon cardioplegia and myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983 May; 35(5):500-3.
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• Hicks GL, Zwart HH, DeWall RA. Membrane vs bubble oxygenators: a prospective study of 52 patients. Arch Surg. 1979 Nov; 114(11):1285-7.
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• Zwart HH, Hicks G, Schuster B, Nathan M, Tabrah F, Wenzke F, Ahmed T, DeWall RA. Clinical experience with the Lillehei-Kaster valve prosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1979 Aug; 28(2):158-65.
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• Hicks GL, Hill AA, DeWeese JA. Subendocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. Its use with methylprednisolone and glucose-insulin-potassium. Arch Surg. 1979 Mar; 114(3):302-4.
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• Hicks GL, Hill A, DeWeese JA. Monitoring of midmyocardial and subendocardial pH in normal and ischemic ventricles. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976 Jul; 72(1):52-6.
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• Hicks GL, Rob C. Abdominal aortic aneurysm wiring: an alternative method. Am J Surg. 1976 Jun; 131(6):664-7.
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• Hicks GL, Hill AA, DeWeese JA. Myocardial preservation with glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) and steroids during anoxic arrest. Surg Forum. 1976; 27(62):239-41.
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• Hicks GL, Eastland MW, DeWeese JA, May AG, Rob CG. Survival improvement following aortic aneurysm resection. Ann Surg. 1975 Jun; 181(6):863-9.
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