Perinatal Toxicology and Placentology are the foci of this laboratory. How viruses, metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury), anti-HIV therapy, and vitamins (A, B12, C and E), nanoparticles, and hyperthermia affect normal development of the embryo/ fetus are being investigated. In particular, the role of the placenta as the anchor, controller, and conduit during pregnancy as well as a site for toxic action is examined.

Placental Toxicology and Pathology.

Cadmium can be a placental toxin in rodents by producing fetal death and placental necrosis. Using an in vitro dually perfused human placenta model, cadmium also produced necrosis. Pharmacokinetic studies in both rodent and human studies demonstrated the role of the placenta as a site for control of passage and intoxication. The response of the cell to cadmium toxicity may be regulated by metallothionein and calmodulin. Different isoforms of metallothionein are being identified via cDNA isolation and in situ hybridization for determination of metallothionein distribution and inducibility in placentae from women exposed during pregnancy to environmental metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury). Currently gene environment interactions during development are being pursued in an animal model of diabetes mellitus.

Placental Pathology and the relationship to in utero development and adult disease is being evaluated. Focus is on specific evaluations of shape, size and vascular structure of the placenta and an understanding of the underlying pathology. These investigations are being pursued as part of an NIH National Children's Study Formative Research Study

Implantation Biology.

Pregnancy loss due to implantation failures is being examined using an in vitro model consisting of both human trophoblast and endometrium to study the biology of attachment and invasion as well as the influence of hormones, xenobiotics and disease (antiphospholipid syndrome, pre-eclampsia). Additional investigations are examining the effects of plasticizers - phthalates and bisphenol A on human placental function to understand the relationship between plasticizer exposures and miscarriages.

Vertical transmission of HIV.

Why do only 25-40% of the babies of HIV positive mothers become infected? Why not all the babies? What controls infectivity of the fetus in utero? These are questions being explored in patients who are pregnant and HIV positive. In vitro models of human placenta are used to study how the placenta may modulate HIV infection in utero. Certain strains of HIV-1 can selectively infect the human placenta, while others do not. Molecular techniques are being used - Real Time - PCR, ISPCR - to determine which cells are being infected. With these models we can test how anti-HIV therapies may best prevent the vertical transmission of HIV as well as produce toxicity in the human placenta.

Clinical Investigations:

Preeclampsia is a major contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and baby. A major difficulty is diagnosing the illness before the conditions are too severe. Previous studies have demonstrated that placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels are reduced in women who will develop severe preeclampsia. Current investigations are underway examining the clinical possibilities of early diagnosis of preeclampsia in hopes that treatment modalities will then be possible to prevent the disease.

Other investigations examine the pharmacokinetics of antiseizure, anti-HIV, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, nanomedicines and biotech products concerning maternal/ fetal exposures.

• Lee FE, Halliley JL, Walsh EE, Moscatiello AP, Kmush BL, Falsey AR, Randall TD, Kaminiski DA, Miller RK, Sanz I. Circulating human antibody-secreting cells during vaccinations and respiratory viral infections are characterized by high specificity and lack of bystander effect. J Immunol. 2011 May 1; 186(9):5514-21.
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• Rodier P, Miller RK, Brent RL. Does treatment of premature labor with terbutaline increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb; 204(2):91-4.
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• Menjoge AR, Rinderknecht AL, Navath RS, Faridnia M, Kim CJ, Romero R, Miller RK, Kannan RM. Transfer of PAMAM dendrimers across human placenta: prospects of its use as drug carrier during pregnancy. J Control Release. 2011 Mar 30; 150(3):326-38.
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• Roberts SS, Miller RK, Jones JK, Lindsay KL, Greene MF, Maddrey WC, Williams IT, Liu J, Spiegel RJ. The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: Findings after 5 years of enrollment, 2003-2009. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010 Jul; 88(7):551-9.
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• Schneider H, Miller RK. Receptor-mediated uptake and transport of macromolecules in the human placenta. Int J Dev Biol. 2010; 54(2-3):367-75.
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• Misra DP, Salafia CM, Miller RK, Charles AK. Non-linear and gender-specific relationships among placental growth measures and the fetoplacental weight ratio. Placenta. 2009 Dec; 30(12):1052-7.
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• Krtolica A, Ilic D, Genbacev O, Miller RK. Human embryonic stem cells as a model for embryotoxicity screening. Regen Med. 2009 May; 4(3):449-59.
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• Salafia CM, Misra DP, Yampolsky M, Charles AK, Miller RK. Allometric metabolic scaling and fetal and placental weight. Placenta. 2009 Apr; 30(4):355-60.
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• Miller RK. Henning Schneider, M.D. Placenta. 2009 Mar; 30 Suppl A:S66-70.
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• Lash GE, Ansari T, Bischof P, Burton GJ, Chamley L, Crocker I, Dantzer V, Desoye G, Drewlo S, Fazleabas A, Jansson T, Keating S, Kliman HJ, Lang I, Mayhew T, Meiri H, Miller RK, Nelson DM, Pfarrer C, Roberts C, Sammar M, Sharma S, Shiverick K, Strunk D, Turner MA, Huppertz B. IFPA meeting 2008 workshops report. Placenta. 2009 Mar; 30 Suppl A:S4-14.
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• Foster W, Myllynen P, Winn LM, Ornoy A, Miller RK. Reactive oxygen species, diabetes and toxicity in the placenta - a workshop report. Placenta. 2008 Mar; 29 Suppl A:S105-7.
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• Miller MW, Church CC, Miller RK, Edwards MJ. Fetal thermal dose considerations during the obstetrician's watch: Implications for the pediatrician's observations. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2007 Sep; 81(3):135-43.
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• Salafia CM, Zhang J, Miller RK, Charles AK, Shrout P, Sun W. Placental growth patterns affect birth weight for given placental weight. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007 Apr; 79(4):281-8.
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• Lindsay KL, Greene MF, Jones JK, Maddrey WC, Miller RK. Inadequate numbers. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Mar; 53(3):401; author reply 401-2.
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• Dertinger SD, Miller RK, Brewer K, Smudzin T, Torous DK, Roberts DJ, Avlasevich SL, Bryce SM, Sugunan S, Chen Y. Automated human blood micronucleated reticulocyte measurements for rapid assessment of chromosomal damage. Mutat Res. 2007 Jan 10; 626(1-2):111-9.
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• Trasande L, Boscarino J, Graber N, Falk R, Schechter C, Galvez M, Dunkel G, Geslani J, Moline J, Kaplan-Liss E, Miller RK, Korfmacher K, Carpenter D, Forman J, Balk SJ, Laraque D, Frumkin H, Landrigan P. The environment in pediatric practice: a study of New York pediatricians' attitudes, beliefs, and practices towards children's environmental health. J Urban Health. 2006 Jul; 83(4):760-72.
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• Robertson J, Polifka JE, Avner M, Chambers C, Delevan G, Koren G, Lavigne SV, Martinez LP, Miller RK, Carey JC. A survey of pregnant women using isotretinoin. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005 Nov; 73(11):881-7.
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• Miller RK, Genbacev O, Turner MA, Aplin JD, Caniggia I, Huppertz B. Human placental explants in culture: approaches and assessments. Placenta. 2005 Jul; 26(6):439-48.
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• Thadani PV, Strauss JF, Dey SK, Anderson VM, Audus KL, Coats KS, Cross JC, Erlebacher A, Ganapathy V, Linzer DI, Miller RK, Novak DA, Rapaka RS, Sadovsky Y, Salafia CM, Soares M, Unadkat J. National Institute on Drug Abuse Conference report on placental proteins, drug transport, and fetal development. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Dec; 191(6):1858-62.
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• Hoeger KM, Kochman L, Wixom N, Craig K, Miller RK, Guzick DS. A randomized, 48-week, placebo-controlled trial of intensive lifestyle modification and/or metformin therapy in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2004 Aug; 82(2):421-9.
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• Ornoy A, Chen L, Silver RM, Miller RK. Maternal autoimmune diseases and immunologically induced embryonic and fetoplacental damage. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004 Jun; 70(6):371-81.
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• Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Miller R, Sonawane B. Pediatric pharmacokinetic data: implications for environmental risk assessment for children. Pediatrics. 2004 Apr; 113(4 Suppl):973-83.
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• Dertinger SD, Camphausen K, Macgregor JT, Bishop ME, Torous DK, Avlasevich S, Cairns S, Tometsko CR, Menard C, Muanza T, Chen Y, Miller RK, Cederbrant K, Sandelin K, Pontén I, Bolcsfoldi G. Three-color labeling method for flow cytometric measurement of cytogenetic damage in rodent and human blood. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2004; 44(5):427-35.
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• Dertinger SD, Chen Y, Miller RK, Brewer KJ, Smudzin T, Torous DK, Hall NE, Olvany KA, Murante FG, Tometsko CR. Micronucleated CD71-positive reticulocytes: a blood-based endpoint of cytogenetic damage in humans. Mutat Res. 2003 Dec 9; 542(1-2):77-87.
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• Miller RK, Mace K, Polliotti B, DeRita R, Hall W, Treacy G. Marginal transfer of ReoPro (Abciximab) compared with immunoglobulin G (F105), inulin and water in the perfused human placenta in vitro. Placenta. 2003 Aug; 24(7):727-38.
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• Polliotti BM, Fry AG, Saller DN, Mooney RA, Cox C, Miller RK. Second-trimester maternal serum placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor for predicting severe, early-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun; 101(6):1266-74.
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• Shiverick KT, Slikker W, Rogerson SJ, Miller RK. Drugs and the placenta--a workshop report. Placenta. 2003 Apr; 24 Suppl A:S55-9.
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• Ornoy A, Yacobi S, Matalon ST, Blank M, Blumenfeld Z, Miller RK, Shoenfeld Y. The effects of antiphospholipid antibodies obtained from women with SLE/APS and associated pregnancy loss on rat embryos and placental explants in culture. Lupus. 2003; 12(7):573-8.
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• Yacobi S, Ornoy A, Blumenfeld Z, Miller RK. Effect of sera from women with systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent abortions on human placental explants in culture. Teratology. 2002 Dec; 66(6):300-8.
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• Woods JR, Cavanaugh JL, Norkus EP, Plessinger MA, Miller RK. The effect of labor on maternal and fetal vitamins C and E. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Nov; 187(5):1179-83.
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• Shepard TH, Brent RL, Friedman JM, Jones KL, Miller RK, Moore CA, Polifka JE. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology. 2002 Apr; 65(4):153-61.
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• Polliotti BM, Gnall-Sazenski S, Laughlin TS, Miller RK. Inhibitory effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) preparations on HIV infection of human placenta in vitro. Placenta. 2002 Apr; 23 Suppl A:S102-6.
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• Dertinger SD, Torous DK, Hall NE, Murante FG, Gleason SE, Miller RK, Tometsko CR. Enumeration of micronucleated CD71-positive human reticulocytes with a single-laser flow cytometer. Mutat Res. 2002 Mar 25; 515(1-2):3-14.
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• Chambers CD, Braddock SR, Briggs GG, Einarson A, Johnson YR, Miller RK, Polifka JE, Robinson LK, Stepanuk K, Lyons Jones K. Postmarketing surveillance for human teratogenicity: a model approach. Teratology. 2001 Nov; 64(5):252-61.
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• Woods JR, Plessinger MA, Miller RK. Vitamins C and E: missing links in preventing preterm premature rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jul; 185(1):5-10.
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• Calhoun DA, Chegini N, Polliotti BM, Gersting JA, Miller RK, Christensen RD. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in preterm and term pregnancy, parturition, and intra-amniotic infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb; 97(2):229-34.
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• Abramowicz JS, Miller RK. Ultrasonographic investigations of flow patterns in the perfused human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb; 184(3):518-9.
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• Miller RK. Anti-HIV therapy during pregnancy: risk-benefit ratio. Teratology. 2000 Nov; 62(5):288-90.
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• Zadorozhnaja TD, Little RE, Miller RK, Mendel NA, Taylor RJ, Presley BJ, Gladen BC. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in human placentas from two cities in Ukraine. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2000 Oct 27; 61(4):255-63.
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• Plessinger MA, Woods JR, Miller RK. Pretreatment of human amnion-chorion with vitamins C and E prevents hypochlorous acid-induced damage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Oct; 183(4):979-85.
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• Miller RK, Polliotti BM, Laughlin T, Gnall S, Iida S, Carneiro M, Lord K, Ding Y, Sheikh AU. Role of the placenta in fetal HIV infection. Teratology. 2000 May; 61(5):391-4.
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• Genbacev O, Miller RK. Post-implantation differentiation and proliferation of cytotrophoblast cells: in vitro models--a review. Placenta. 2000 Mar-Apr; 21 Suppl A:S45-9.
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• Sheikh AU, Polliotti BM, Miller RK. Human immunodeficiency virus infection: in situ polymerase chain reaction localization in human placentas after in utero and in vitro infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jan; 182(1 Pt 1):207-13.
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• Sheikh AU, Polliotti BM, Miller RK. In situ PCR detection of HIV expression in the human placenta. Methods Mol Biol. 2000; 137:75-86.
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• Brent RL, Chambers CD, Chernoff GF, Jones KL, Miller RK. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to organic solvents: a response. Teratology. 1999 Dec; 60(6):328-31.
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• Abramowicz JS, Phillips DB, Jessee LN, Levene H, Parker KJ, Miller RK. Sonographic investigation of flow patterns in the perfused human placenta and their modulation by vasoactive agents with enhanced visualization by the ultrasound contrast agent Albunex. J Clin Ultrasound. 1999 Nov-Dec; 27(9):513-22.
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• Plessinger MA, Miller RK. Effects of zidovudine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddI) on human trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol. 1999 Nov-Dec; 13(6):537-46.
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• Miller RK, Jessee L, Barrish A, Gilbert J, Manson JM. Pharmacokinetic studies of enalaprilat in the in vitro perfused human placental lobule system. Teratology. 1998 Sep-Oct; 58(3-4):76-81.
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• Perez-D'Gregorio RE, Miller RK. Transport and endogenous release of vitamin B12 in the dually perfused human placenta. J Pediatr. 1998 Mar; 132(3 Pt 2):S35-42.
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• Miller RK, Hendrickx AG, Mills JL, Hummler H, Wiegand UW. Periconceptional vitamin A use: how much is teratogenic? Reprod Toxicol. 1998 Jan-Feb; 12(1):75-88.
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• Polliotti BM, Panigel M, Miller RK. Free vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 complex uptake by the visceral yolk sac of the Sprague-Dawley rat: effect of inhibitors. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Jul-Aug; 11(4):617-26.
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• Plessinger MA, Boal JH, Miller RK. Human placenta does not Reduce AZT (zidovudine) to 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997 Jul; 215(3):243-7.
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• Youssef AF, Baggs RB, Weiss B, Miller RK. Teratogenicity of methanol following a single oral dose in Long-Evans rats. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Jul-Aug; 11(4):503-10.
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• Miller RK. Robert L. Brent. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Jul-Aug; 11(4):543-53.
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• Powlin SS, Keng PC, Miller RK. Toxicity of cadmium in human trophoblast cells (JAr choriocarcinoma): role of calmodulin and the calmodulin inhibitor, zaldaride maleate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Jun; 144(2):225-34.
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• Boal JH, Plessinger MA, van den Reydt C, Miller RK. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of AZT (zidovudine) following perfusion of human term placenta for 14 hours. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Mar; 143(1):13-21.
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• Malek A, Miller RK, Mattison DR, Kennedy S, Panigel M, di Sant'Agnese PA, Jessee L. Energy charge monitoring via magnetic resonance spectroscopy 31P in the perfused human placenta: effects of cadmium, dinitrophenol and iodoacetate. Placenta. 1996 Sep; 17(7):495-506.
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• Brent RL, Hendrickx AG, Holmes LB, Miller RK. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2; 334(18):1196; author reply 1197.
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• Eisenmann CJ, Miller RK. The effect of selenium compounds (selenite, selenate, ebselen) on the production of thromboxane and prostacyclin by the human term placenta in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Nov; 135(1):18-24.
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• Mühlemann K, Menegus MA, Miller RK. Cytomegalovirus in the perfused human term placenta in vitro. Placenta. 1995 Jun; 16(4):367-73.
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• Malek A, Miller RK, Mattison DR, Ceckler T, Panigel M, di Sant'Agnese PA, Jessee LN. Continuous measurement of ATP by 31P-NMR in term human dually perfused placenta in vitro: response to ischemia. J Appl Physiol. 1995 May; 78(5):1778-86.
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• Zelikoff JT, Bertin JE, Burbacher TM, Hunter ES, Miller RK, Silbergeld EK, Tabacova S, Rogers JM. Health risks associated with prenatal metal exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995 May; 25(2):161-70.
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• Breen JG, Nelson E, Miller RK. Cellular adaptation to chronic cadmium exposure: intracellular localization of metallothionein protein in human trophoblast cells (JAr). Teratology. 1995 Apr; 51(4):266-72.
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• Eisenmann CJ, Miller RK. Cadmium and glutathione: effect on human placental thromboxane and prostacyclin production. Reprod Toxicol. 1995 Jan-Feb; 9(1):41-8.
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• Eisenmann CJ, Miller RK. The placental transfer and toxicity of selenite relative to cadmium in the human term perfused placenta. Placenta. 1994 Dec; 15(8):883-95.
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• Kamrin MA, Carney EW, Chou K, Cummings A, Dostal LA, Harris C, Henck JW, Loch-Caruso R, Miller RK. Female reproductive and developmental toxicology: overview and current approaches. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Nov; 74(2):99-119.
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• Avissar N, Eisenmann C, Breen JG, Horowitz S, Miller RK, Cohen HJ. Human placenta makes extracellular glutathione peroxidase and secretes it into maternal circulation. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jul; 267(1 Pt 1):E68-76.
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• Breen JG, Eisenmann C, Horowitz S, Miller RK. Cell-specific increases in metallothionein expression in the human placenta perfused with cadmium. Reprod Toxicol. 1994 Jul-Aug; 8(4):297-306.
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• Genbacev O, Jensen KD, Powlin SS, Miller RK. In vitro differentiation and ultrastructure of human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells. Placenta. 1993 Jul-Aug; 14(4):463-75.
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• Miller RK, Faber W, Asai M, D'Gregorio RP, Ng WW, Shah Y, Neth-Jessee L. The role of the human placenta in embryonic nutrition. Impact of environmental and social factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Mar 15; 678:92-107.
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• Sharma A, Plessinger MA, Miller RK, Woods JR. Progesterone antagonist mifepristone (RU 486) decreases cardiotoxicity of cocaine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1993 Mar; 202(3):279-87.
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• Genbacev O, White TE, Gavin CE, Miller RK. Human trophoblast cultures: models for implantation and peri-implantation toxicology. Reprod Toxicol. 1993; 7 Suppl 1:75-94.
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• Mühlemann K, Miller RK, Metlay L, Menegus MA. Cytomegalovirus infection of the human placenta: an immunocytochemical study. Hum Pathol. 1992 Nov; 23(11):1234-7.
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• Genbacev O, Schubach SA, Miller RK. Villous culture of first trimester human placenta--model to study extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation. Placenta. 1992 Sep-Oct; 13(5):439-61.
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• Miller RK. From the pages of Teratology--vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Teratology. 1992 Apr; 45(4):341-3.
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• Sharma A, Plessinger MA, Sherer DM, Liang CS, Miller RK, Woods JR. Pregnancy enhances cardiotoxicity of cocaine: role of progesterone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1992 Mar; 113(1):30-5.
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• Baggs RB, Miller RK, Odoroff CL. Carcinogenicity of diethylstilbestrol in the Wistar rat: effect of postnatal oral contraceptive steroids. Cancer Res. 1991 Jun 15; 51(12):3311-5.
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• Miller RK. Fetal drug therapy: principles and issues. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Jun; 34(2):241-50.
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• Wier PJ, Miller RK, Maulik D, DiSant'Agnese PA. Toxicity of cadmium in the perfused human placenta. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 Aug; 105(1):156-71.
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• White TE, Baggs RB, Miller RK. Central nervous system lesions in the Wistar rat fetus following direct fetal injections of cadmium. Teratology. 1990 Jul; 42(1):7-13.
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• White TE, di Sant'Agnese PA, Miller RK. Human endometrial cells grown on an extracellular matrix form simple columnar epithelia and glands. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1990 Jun; 26(6):636-42.
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• Woods JR, Plessinger MA, Scott K, Miller RK. Prenatal cocaine exposure to the fetus: a sheep model for cardiovascular evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989; 562:267-79.
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• Saltzman RA, Miller RK, di Sant'Agnese PA. Cadmium exposure on day 12 of gestation in the Wistar rat: distribution, uteroplacental blood flow, and fetal viability. Teratology. 1989 Jan; 39(1):19-30.
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• White TE, Saltzman RA, Di Sant'Agnese PA, Keng PC, Sutherland RM, Miller RK. Human choriocarcinoma (JAr) cells grown as multicellular spheroids. Placenta. 1988 Nov-Dec; 9(6):583-98.
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• Perez-D'Gregorio RE, Miller RK. Teratogenicity of tellurium dioxide: prenatal assessment. Teratology. 1988 Apr; 37(4):307-16.
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• Amstey MS, Miller RK, Menegus MA, di Sant 'Agnese PA. Enterovirus in pregnant women and the perfused placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Apr; 158(4):775-82.
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• Mattison DR, Kay HH, Miller RK, Angtuaco T. Magnetic resonance imaging: a noninvasive tool for fetal and placental physiology. Biol Reprod. 1988 Feb; 38(1):39-49.
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• Perez-D'Gregorio RE, Miller RK, Baggs RB. Maternal toxicity and teratogenicity of tellurium dioxide in the Wistar rat: relationship to pair-feeding. Reprod Toxicol. 1988; 2(1):55-61.
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• Miller RK, Mattison DR, Panigel M, Ceckler T, Bryant R, Thomford P. Kinetic assessment of manganese using magnetic resonance imaging in the dually perfused human placenta in vitro. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Oct; 74:81-91.
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• Miller RK. Biomarkers of toxicity during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Oct; 74:77-80.
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• Levin AA, Kilpper RW, Miller RK. Fetal toxicity of cadmium chloride: the pharmacokinetics in the pregnant Wistar rat. Teratology. 1987 Oct; 36(2):163-70.
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• Newland MC, Ng WW, Baggs RB, Gentry GD, Weiss B, Miller RK. Operant behavior in transition reflects neonatal exposure to cadmium. Teratology. 1986 Dec; 34(3):231-41.
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• Henry EC, Miller RK. The antiestrogen LY117018 is estrogenic in the fetal rat. Teratology. 1986 Aug; 34(1):59-63.
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• Henry EC, Miller RK. Comparison of the disposition of diethylstilbestrol and estradiol in the fetal rat. Correlation with teratogenic potency. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986 Jun 15; 35(12):1993-2001.
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• Sasser LB, Kelman BJ, Levin AA, Miller RK. The influence of maternal cadmium exposure or fetal cadmium injection on hepatic metallothionein concentrations in the fetal rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985 Sep 15; 80(2):299-307.
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• Kellogg CK, Simmons RD, Miller RK, Ison JR. Prenatal diazepam exposure in rats: long-lasting functional changes in the offspring. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1985 Sep-Oct; 7(5):483-8.
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• Shah YG, Miller RK. The pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in perfused human placenta. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1985; 5(3):165-79.
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• Miller RK, Wier PJ, Maulik D, di Sant'Agnese PA. Human placenta in vitro: characterization during 12 h of dual perfusion. Contrib Gynecol Obstet. 1985; 13:77-84.
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• Wier PJ, Miller RK. Oxygen transfer as an indicator of perfusion variability in the isolated human placental lobule. Contrib Gynecol Obstet. 1985; 13:127-31.
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• Miller RK, Kellogg CK. The pharmacodynamics of prenatal chemical exposure. NIDA Res Monogr. 1985; 60:39-57.
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• Simmons RD, Miller RK, Kellogg CK. Prenatal exposure to diazepam alters central and peripheral responses to stress in adult rat offspring. Brain Res. 1984 Jul 30; 307(1-2):39-46.
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• Henry EC, Miller RK, Baggs RB. Direct fetal injections of diethylstilbestrol and 17 beta-estradiol: a method for investigating their teratogenicity. Teratology. 1984 Apr; 29(2):297-304.
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• Simmons RD, Kellogg CK, Miller RK. Prenatal diazepam exposure in rats: long-lasting, receptor-mediated effects on hypothalamic norepinephrine-containing neurons. Brain Res. 1984 Feb 13; 293(1):73-83.
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• Baggs RB, Harnish PP, Miller RK. Radiologic diagnosis of diethylstilbestrol induced teratogenesis in rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1983 Oct; 33(5):451-3.
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• Simmons RD, Miller RK, Kellogg CK. Prenatal diazepam: distribution and metabolism in perinatal rats. Teratology. 1983 Oct; 28(2):181-8.
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• Moodley S, Liu JH, Cherkis RC, Miller RK, Merrit TA, Whalen LE. Fetal pulmonary maturity: relationship between optical density (650 nm) to the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1983 Jun; 21(3):199-203.
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• Di Sant'Agnese PA, Jensen KD, Levin A, Miller RK. Placental toxicity of cadmium in the rat: an ultrastructural study. Placenta. 1983 Apr-Jun; 4(2):149-63.
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• Miller RK. Perinatal toxicology: its recognition and fundamentals. Am J Ind Med. 1983; 4(1-2):205-44.
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• Kellogg C, Ison JR, Miller RK. Prenatal diazepam exposure: effects on auditory temporal resolution in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983; 79(4):332-7.
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• Kellogg CK, Chisholm J, Simmons RD, Ison JR, Miller RK. Neural and behavioral consequences of prenatal exposure to diazepam. Monogr Neural Sci. 1983; 9:119-29.
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• Miller RK, Heckmann ME, McKenzie RC. Diethylstilbestrol: placental transfer, metabolism, covalent binding and fetal distribution in the Wistar rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982 Feb; 220(2):358-65.
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• Miller RK. Drugs during pregnancy: a therapeutic dilemma. Ration Drug Ther. 1981 Jul; 15(7):1-9.
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• Levin AA, Miller RK. Fetal toxicity of cadmium in the rat: decreased utero-placental blood flow. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981 Apr; 58(2):297-306.
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• Levin AA, Plautz JR, di Sant'Agnese PA, Miller RK. Cadmium: placental mechanisms of fetal toxicity. Placenta Suppl. 1981; 3:303-18.
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• Ng WW, Catus RG, Miller RK. Macromolecule transfer in the human trophoblast: transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 uptake. Placenta Suppl. 1981; 3:145-59.
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• Levin AA, Miller RK. Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York. Teratology. 1980 Aug; 22(1):1-5.
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• Kellogg C, Tervo D, Ison J, Parisi T, Miller RK. Prenatal exposure to diazepam alters behavioral development in rats. Science. 1980 Jan 11; 207(4427):205-7.
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• Davis BM, Miller RK, Brent RL, Koszalka TR. Materno-fetal transport of creatine in the rat. Biol Neonate. 1978; 33(1-2):43-54.
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• Miller RK, Davis BM, Brent RL, Koszalka TR. Creatine transport by rat placentas. Am J Physiol. 1977 Oct; 233(4):E308-15.
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• Miller RK, Berndt WO. Mechanisms of transport across the placenta: an in vitro approach. Life Sci. 1975 Jan 1; 16(1):7-30.
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• Miller RK, Berndt WO. Characterization of neutral amino acid accumulation by human term placental slices. Am J Physiol. 1974 Dec; 227(6):1236-42.
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• Miller RK, Berndt WO. Evidence for Mg 2+ -dependent, Na + + K + -activated ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase in the human term placenta. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1973 May; 143(1):118-22.
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• Miller RK, Ferm VH, Mudge GH. Placental transfer and tissue distribution of iophenoxic acid in the hamster. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972 Sep 15; 114(2):259-66.
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• Berndt WO, Miller RK. The accumulation and metabolism of ( 14 C)hypoxanthine by slices of rabbit renal medulla. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 May 9; 266(2):453-62.
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• Miller RK, McCann FV. The effects of hemicholinium-3 in an insect neuromuscular preparation. Comp Gen Pharmacol. 1971 Mar; 2(5):82-6.
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