B cells and plasma cells participate in the adaptive immune response, and are responsible for antibody production, antigen presentation, and modulation of immune responses by other immune cells. Differentiation of B cells into an antibody secreting state to plasma cells helps the immune system defend against viral pathogens, provides long-lived protective immunity after vaccination or infection, and causes antibody mediated rejection of kidney transplants. Thus, it is essential to understand how B cell differentiation and antibody production is regulated if we are to enhance B cell anti-viral and vaccine responses, or to prevent transplant rejection. My laboratory focuses on studying B cell activation and differentiation using cell culture, animal models, and translational studies of human immune responses to vaccination in normal subjects and immune suppressed transplant recipients. We use innovative mathematical modeling and statistical analyses to gain insights from complex and large experimental data sets. Our experiments often involve daily analysis of gene expression and cellular phenotypes from single subjects over 5-10 days after vaccination. The scientific questions we are focused on include:

1. What is the timing of B cell differentiation and antibody secretion, and how can we alter the molecular and cellular events to improve vaccine responses?
2. What are the molecular gene expression signatures of a successful B cell vaccine response?
3. How can we use mathematical models to create individualized treatment protocols for kidney transplant patients with antibody mediated rejection or allosensitization?

• Sangster MY, Baer J, Santiago FW, Fitzgerald T, Ilyushina NA, Sundararajan A, Henn AD, Krammer F, Yang H, Luke CJ, Zand MS, Wright PF, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Subbarao K. B Cell Response and Hemagglutinin Stalk-Reactive Antibody Production in Different Age Cohorts following 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013 Jun; 20(6):867-76.
  View in: PubMed
• Li X, Miao H, Henn A, Topham DJ, Wu H, Zand MS, Mosmann TR. Ki-67 expression reveals strong, transient influenza specific CD4 T cell responses after adult vaccination. Vaccine. 2012 Jun 29; 30(31):4581-4.
  View in: PubMed
• Henn AD, Laski M, Yang H, Welle S, Qiu X, Miao H, Barry CT, Wu H, Zand MS. Functionally Distinct Subpopulations of CpG-Activated Memory B Cells. Sci Rep. 2012; 2:345.
  View in: PubMed
• Wu H, Kumar A, Miao H, Holden-Wiltse J, Mosmann TR, Livingstone AM, Belz GT, Perelson AS, Zand MS, Topham DJ. Modeling of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells during the primary response indicates that the spleen is a major source of effectors. J Immunol. 2011 Nov 1; 187(9):4474-82.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Orloff MS, Abt P, Patel S, Tsoulfas G, Kashyap R, Jain A, Safadjou S, Bozorgzadeh A. High mortality in orthotopic liver transplant recipients who require hemodialysis. Clin Transplant. 2011 Mar-Apr; 25(2):213-21.
  View in: PubMed
• Hyrien O, Chen R, Zand MS. An age-dependent branching process model for the analysis of CFSE-labeling experiments. Biol Direct. 2010; 5:41.
  View in: PubMed
• Miao H, Hollenbaugh JA, Zand MS, Holden-Wiltse J, Mosmann TR, Perelson AS, Wu H, Topham DJ. Quantifying the early immune response and adaptive immune response kinetics in mice infected with influenza A virus. J Virol. 2010 Jul; 84(13):6687-98.
  View in: PubMed
• Diehl AD, Augustine AD, Blake JA, Cowell LG, Gold ES, Gondré-Lewis TA, Masci AM, Meehan TF, Morel PA, Nijnik A, Peters B, Pulendran B, Scheuermann RH, Yao QA, Zand MS, Mungall CJ. Hematopoietic cell types: prototype for a revised cell ontology. J Biomed Inform. 2011 Feb; 44(1):75-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Henn AD, Rebhahn J, Brown MA, Murphy AJ, Coca MN, Hyrien O, Pellegrin T, Mosmann T, Zand MS. Modulation of single-cell IgG secretion frequency and rates in human memory B cells by CpG DNA, CD40L, IL-21, and cell division. J Immunol. 2009 Sep 1; 183(5):3177-87.
  View in: PubMed
• Lee HY, Topham DJ, Park SY, Hollenbaugh J, Treanor J, Mosmann TR, Jin X, Ward BM, Miao H, Holden-Wiltse J, Perelson AS, Zand M, Wu H. Simulation and prediction of the adaptive immune response to influenza A virus infection. J Virol. 2009 Jul; 83(14):7151-65.
  View in: PubMed
• Lee HY, Hawkins E, Zand MS, Mosmann T, Wu H, Hodgkin PD, Perelson AS. Interpreting CFSE obtained division histories of B cells in vitro with Smith-Martin and cyton type models. Bull Math Biol. 2009 Oct; 71(7):1649-70.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS. Rituximab in pediatric renal transplantation: a treatment for allograft rejection with B-cell infiltrates? Am J Transplant. 2008 Dec; 8(12):2489-90.
  View in: PubMed
• Kyu SY, Kobie J, Yang H, Zand MS, Topham DJ, Quataert SA, Sanz I, Lee FE. Frequencies of human influenza-specific antibody secreting cells or plasmablasts post vaccination from fresh and frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol Methods. 2009 Jan 1; 340(1):42-7.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS. Safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in renal transplant recipients. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008 Jul; 4(7):358-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Patel S, Cassuto J, Orloff M, Tsoulfas G, Zand M, Kashyap R, Jain A, Bozorgzadeh A, Abt P. Minimizing morbidity of organ donation: analysis of factors for perioperative complications after living-donor nephrectomy in the United States. Transplantation. 2008 Feb 27; 85(4):561-5.
  View in: PubMed
• Egbuna OI, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA, Zand MS. Elevated calcium phosphate product after renal transplantation is a risk factor for graft failure. Clin Transplant. 2007 Jul-Aug; 21(4):558-66.
  View in: PubMed
• Poggio ED, Augustine JJ, Clemente M, Danzig JM, Volokh N, Zand MS, Hricik DE, Heeger PS. Pretransplant cellular alloimmunity as assessed by a panel of reactive T cells assay correlates with acute renal graft rejection. Transplantation. 2007 Apr 15; 83(7):847-52.
  View in: PubMed
• Greenbaum JA, Andersen PH, Blythe M, Bui HH, Cachau RE, Crowe J, Davies M, Kolaskar AS, Lund O, Morrison S, Mumey B, Ofran Y, Pellequer JL, Pinilla C, Ponomarenko JV, Raghava GP, van Regenmortel MH, Roggen EL, Sette A, Schlessinger A, Sollner J, Zand M, Peters B. Towards a consensus on datasets and evaluation metrics for developing B-cell epitope prediction tools. J Mol Recognit. 2007 Mar-Apr; 20(2):75-82.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS. B-cell activity of polyclonal antithymocyte globulins. Transplantation. 2006 Dec 15; 82(11):1387-95.
  View in: PubMed
• Huggins J, Pellegrin T, Felgar RE, Wei C, Brown M, Zheng B, Milner EC, Bernstein SH, Sanz I, Zand MS. CpG DNA activation and plasma-cell differentiation of CD27- naive human B cells. Blood. 2007 Feb 15; 109(4):1611-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Maloo M, Abt P, Kashyap R, Younan D, Zand M, Orloff M, Jain A, Pentland A, Scott G, Bozorgzadeh A. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis among liver transplant recipients: a single institution experience and topic update. Am J Transplant. 2006 Sep; 6(9):2212-7.
  View in: PubMed
• Angona R, Abt P, Younan D, Massey T, Marvin M, Kashyap R, Richards D, Jones K, Queschenbach J, Zand M, Jain A, Orloff M, Bozorgzadeh A. Modification of a biventricular assist device to facilitate preservative infusion and organ recovery in a nonheart-beating donor. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2006 Jun; 38(2):157-60.
  View in: PubMed
• Egbuna O, Zand MS, Arbini A, Menegus M, Taylor J. A cluster of parvovirus B19 infections in renal transplant recipients: a prospective case series and review of the literature. Am J Transplant. 2006 Jan; 6(1):225-31.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Vo T, Pellegrin T, Felgar R, Liesveld JL, Ifthikharuddin JJ, Abboud CN, Sanz I, Huggins J. Apoptosis and complement-mediated lysis of myeloma cells by polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Blood. 2006 Apr 1; 107(7):2895-903.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS. Immunosuppression and immune monitoring after renal transplantation. Semin Dial. 2005 Nov-Dec; 18(6):511-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Shah A, Kendall G, Demme RA, Taylor J, Bozorgzadeh A, Orloff M, Jain A, Abt P, Zand MS. Home glucometer monitoring markedly improves diagnosis of post renal transplant diabetes mellitus in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2005 Sep 27; 80(6):775-81.
  View in: PubMed
• Komrokji RS, Oliva JL, Zand M, Felgar R, Abboud CN. Mini-BEAM and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplant for treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Hematol. 2005 Jul; 79(3):211-5.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Vo T, Huggins J, Felgar R, Liesveld J, Pellegrin T, Bozorgzadeh A, Sanz I, Briggs BJ. Polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin triggers B-cell and plasma cell apoptosis by multiple pathways. Transplantation. 2005 Jun 15; 79(11):1507-15.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Bose A, Vo T, Coppage M, Pellegrin T, Arend L, Lee FE, Bozorgzadeh A, Leong N. A renewable source of donor cells for repetitive monitoring of T- and B-cell alloreactivity. Am J Transplant. 2005 Jan; 5(1):76-86.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Briggs BJ, Bose A, Vo T. Discrete event modeling of CD4+ memory T cell generation. J Immunol. 2004 Sep 15; 173(6):3763-72.
  View in: PubMed
• Shah A, Nadasdy T, Arend L, Brennan J, Leong N, Coppage M, Orloff M, Demme R, Zand MS. Treatment of C4d-positive acute humoral rejection with plasmapheresis and rabbit polyclonal antithymocyte globulin. Transplantation. 2004 May 15; 77(9):1399-405.
  View in: PubMed
• Bozorgzadeh A, Jain A, Ryan C, Ornt D, Zand M, Mantry P, Lansing K, Orloff M. Impact of hepatitis C viral infection in primary cadaveric liver allograft versus primary living-donor allograft in 100 consecutive liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Transplantation. 2004 Apr 15; 77(7):1066-70.
  View in: PubMed
• Schwimmer J, Nadasdy TA, Spitalnik PF, Kaplan KL, Zand MS. De novo thrombotic microangiopathy in renal transplant recipients: a comparison of hemolytic uremic syndrome with localized renal thrombotic microangiopathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Feb; 41(2):471-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Nadasdy T, Allen C, Zand MS. Zonal distribution of glomerular collapse in renal allografts: possible role of vascular changes. Hum Pathol. 2002 Apr; 33(4):437-41.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Strang J, Dumlao M, Rubens D, Erturk E, Bronsther O. Screening a living kidney donor for polycystic kidney disease using heavily T2-weighted MRI. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Mar; 37(3):612-9.
  View in: PubMed
• Gross M, Zand MS, Nadasdy T. Early renal allograft loss in a patient with crescentic glomerulonephritis in the native kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Jan; 37(1):202-209.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Li Y, Hancock W, Li XC, Roy-Chaudhury P, Zheng XX, Strom TB. Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma double knockout mice reject heterotopic cardiac allografts. Transplantation. 2000 Nov 15; 70(9):1378-81.
  View in: PubMed
• Li Y, Zheng XX, Li XC, Zand MS, Strom TB. Combined costimulation blockade plus rapamycin but not cyclosporine produces permanent engraftment. Transplantation. 1998 Nov 27; 66(10):1387-8.
  View in: PubMed
• Li XC, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Strom TB. On histocompatibility barriers, Th1 to Th2 immune deviation, and the nature of the allograft responses. J Immunol. 1998 Sep 1; 161(5):2241-7.
  View in: PubMed
• Li XC, Schachter AD, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Harmon WE, Strom TB. Differential expression of T-cell growth factors in rejecting murine islet and human renal allografts: conspicuous absence of interleukin (IL)-9 despite expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15. Transplantation. 1998 Jul 27; 66(2):265-8.
  View in: PubMed
• Li XC, Roy-Chaudhury P, Hancock WW, Manfro R, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Nickerson PW, Steiger J, Malek TR, Strom TB. IL-2 and IL-4 double knockout mice reject islet allografts: a role for novel T cell growth factors in allograft rejection. J Immunol. 1998 Jul 15; 161(2):890-6.
  View in: PubMed
• Wang L, Zand MR, Söderberg PG. Filter goggles imitating dark adaptation for measurement of visual readaptation after flash exposure. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1994 Aug; 72(4):429-32.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Albrecht-Buehler G. Mechanical perturbation of webbed edges in 3T3 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1992; 21(1):15-24.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Albrecht-Buehler G. What structures, besides adhesions, prevent spread cells from rounding up? Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1989; 13(3):195-211.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Albrecht-Buehler G. Long-term observation of cultured cells by interference-reflection microscopy: near-infrared illumination and Y-contrast image processing. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1989; 13(2):94-103.
  View in: PubMed
• Zand MS, Goldstein SA, Matthews LS. Fatigue failure of cortical bone screws. J Biomech. 1983; 16(5):305-11.
  View in: PubMed