Neuroradiology Interesting Cases/Teaching Files

Case Types

• Brain Degenerative/Demyelination
• Brain Inflammation/Infection
• Brain Tumor
• Brain Vascular
• Fetal
• Head & Neck
• Interventional
• Maxillofacial
• Pediatric & Congenital
• Skull
• Spine
• Trauma

Editor: P-L Westesson, M.D., Ph.D., D.D.S.

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Brain Degenerative/Demyelination

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Case 44)
• Bilateral colobomas (Case 274)
• Bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (Case 521)
• Cocaine induced vasculitis; infarcts (Case 104)
• Demyelinating lesion of medial longitudinal fasciculus (Case 285)
• Demyelination of the splenium of corpus callosum secondary to anti-epileptic drug (Case 421)
• Focal brain necrosis due to extravasation of methotrexate through blocked Ommaya reservoir (Case 402)
• Huntington’s disease (Nov 02)
• Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (Case 105)
• Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (Case 542)
• Multiple sclerosis (Case 20)
• Multiple sclerosis (Case 395)
• Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (Case 508)
• Neonatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy secondary to proximal urea cycle disorder (Case 133)
• Optic neuritis (Case 420)
• Pick's disease (biopsy proven) (Jul 01)
• Post-ictal cytotoxic edemas (Case 525)
• Rasmussen's encephalitis (Case 295)
• Reversible post-ictal cerebral edema (Case 595)
• Status post-liver transplant and toxic encephalopathy (Case 100)
• Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system (Case 175)
• Tumefactive demyelinating lesion with features suggestive of Schilder's myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis (Case 379)
• Tumefactive demyelinating lesion (Case 566)
• Virchow Robin spaces (perivascular spaces) (Case 417)
• Wallerian degeneration (Case 167)
• Wernicke encephalopathy (Case 345)
• Widespread widening of perivascular spaces (Virchow-Robin spaces) (Case 243)
• Xanthogranuloma (Case 356)

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Brain Inflammation/Infection

• Acute cerebellitis (Case 170)
• Baló's concentric sclerosis (Case 376)
• Basal ganglia calcification (Case 59)
• Behcet’s syndrome (clinical diagnosis) (Case 237)
• Bell’s Palsy (Case 309
• Brain abscess (Case 195)
• Brain abscesses: Patient 1: Pyogenic brain abscess; Patient 2: Tuberculomas of the brainstem; Patient 3: Fungal abscess (Case 367)
• Cervical spine neurosarcoidosis (Case 399)
• CNS tuberculosis (Case 591)
• Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection (Case 118)
• Cortical laminar necrosis (Case 57)
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (Case 209)
• Enhancing pachymeninges (Case 501)
• Fungal brain abscess (Case 500
• Fungal septic emboli with lungs as the most likely source (Case 387)
• Herpes encephalitis (Case 50)
• HIV encephalopathy (Case 458)
• Implanted 64 channel subdural grid electrode array for intractable seizures (Case 553)
• Inactive parenchymal neurocysticercosis (Case 199)
• Intracranial empyema (right frontal epidural and left subdural) and right orbital abscess secondary to paranasal sinusitis (Case 28)
• Intracranial tuberculomas (Case 293)
• Multicystic encephalomalacia secondary to herpes simplex encephalitis (Case 159)
• Multiple fungal abscesses (zygomycetes infection) (Case 603)
• Neuro-Bechcet's disease (clinical diagnosis) (Jun 01)
• Neurocysticercosis (Case 236)
• Neurosarcoidosis (Case 29)
• Neurosarcoidosis (Case 119)
• Neurosarcoidosis (Case 602)
• Osteomyelitis with abscess formation (Case 444)
• Pneumocephalus, iatrogenic following epidural placement (Case 333)
• Post encephalitic parkinsonism (Case 590)
• Post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis (PALE) (Case 524)
• Right parietal lobe brain abscess with adjacent subdural emphyema (Case 589)
• Sarcoidosis with CNS involvement (Oct 02)
• Subdural empyema (Case 22)
• Susac's syndrome (Case 466)
• Temporal lobe hypometabolism in interictal period in mesial temporal sclerosis (Case 426)
• Toxoplasmosis (May 01)
• Toxoplasmosis (Case 587)
• Toxoplasmosis, lymphoma (Case 74)
• Tuberculous meningitis with intraparenchymal tuberculomas (Case 120)
• Uremic encephalopathy (Case 528)
• Ventriculitis (ependymitis) (Case 18)

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Brain Tumor

• Acoustic schwannoma (Case 263)
• Acoustic schwannoma with post radiation therapy central necrosis (Case 213)
• Acute left MCA stroke and glioblastoma multiforme in the left frontal lobe (Case 143)
• Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (Case 63)
• Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (Case 470)
• Adamantinous craniopharyngioma (Case 347)
• Arachnoid cyst of the lateral ventricle (Case 164)
• Atypical choroid plexus papilloma (WHO II) (Case 360)
• Atypical fibroblastic intraventricular meningioma (Case 92)
• Benign subependymal nodules (Case 286)
• Bilateral arachnoid cysts, left-sided polymicrogyria (Case 103)
• Brain metastases in ovarian cancer (Case 142)
• Breast cancer metastasis to the brain (Case 556)
• Calcified meningioma (Case 453)
• Cavernous angioma (Case 147)
• Cerebellar hemangioblastoma (Case 127)
• Cerebral ganglioneuroblastoma (Case 491)
• Chondrosarcoma of the skull base, extending to involve the left cerebral hemisphere (Case 197)
• Choroid plexus carcinoma (Case 114)
• Choroid plexus papilloma (Case 62)
• Clival meningioma (Case 97)
• CNS germinoma (Case 608)
• Colloid cyst (Case 91)
• Colloid cyst (Case 531)
• Colloid cyst (Case 599)
• Corpus callosum lipoma with partial agenesis of corpus callosum (Case 130)
• Cowden’s Syndrome with Lhermitte-Duclos disease (Case 157)
• Craniopharyngioma (Case 16)
• Cutaneous manifestation of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Case 369)
• Cystic meningioma (Case 373)
• Cystic meningioma (Case 530)
• Cystic pituitary microadenoma (Case 150)
• Dandy-Walker syndrome (Case 99)
• Dedifferentiated (sarcomatoid) chordoma (Case 122)
• Diffuse brainstem glioma (Case 138)
• Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithial Tumor (DNET) (Case 65)
• Dysplastic infantile gangliocytoma (Case 233)
• En plaque meningioma (Case 411)
• Ependymoma (Case 66)
• Epidermoid cyst (Case 361)
• Epidermoid tumor (Case 67)
• Extra cranial lymphoma with intracranial extension (Case 584)
• Fogging phenomenon on CT (Case 161)
• Ganglioglioma, left temporal lobe (Case 455)
• Glioblastoma multiforme, WHO grade IV (Case 250)
• Gliomatosis cerebri (Case 1)
• Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) (Case 79)
• Hemorrhagic metastases (Case 69)
• Hypothalamic hamartoma (Case 153)
• Hypothalamic hamartoma (Case 439)
• Intracranial dural based MALT lymphoma (Case 416)
• Intracranial mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (Case 597)
• Intradural metastases to spine and brain from metastatic melanoma (Case 320)
• Intraorbital meningioma (intracranial tumor) (Case 497)
• Intraventricular malignant melanoma, primary or secondary (Case 510)
• Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Eosinophilic Granuloma) (Case 166)
• Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) (Case 162)
• Left cerebral cavernous angioma (Case 585)
• Left trigeminal schwannoma (Case 140)
• Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (Case 73)
• Leptomeningeal melanosis (Case 106)
• Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the meninges (Dec 02)
• Meningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer (Case 139)
• Meningioangiomatosis (Case 567)
• Meningioma (Case 4)
• Meningioma (Case 41)
• Metastatic adenocarcinoma (Case 607)
• Metastatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (Case 339)
• Metastatic Ewing's sarcoma (Case 310)
• Metastatic lung adenocarcinoma that demonstrates restricted diffusion (Case 86)
• Metastatic lung cancer that demonstrates increased perfusion on MR Imaging (Case 341)
• Metastatic malignant melanoma (Case 72)
• Metastatic melanoma to the orbit (Case 389)
• Metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma (Case 377)
• Metastatic poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma consistent with lung primary (Case 158)
• Metastatic renal cell carcinoma with intraventricular metastases (Case 71)
• Metastatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder to the brain (Case 482)
• Microcystic meningioma (Case 569)
• Multifocal germinoma (Case 344)
• Multiple meningiomas, status post-radiation therapy (Case 19)
• Multiple myeloma (Case 214)
• Mutifocal glioblastoma multiforme (Case 579)
• Neuroepithelial cyst (Case 540)
• Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) (Case 141)
• Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (Oct 01)
• Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (Case 571)
• Olfactory groove meningioma (Case 95)
• Orbital tumor; adenocarcinoma of unknown primary with metastases elsewhere (Case 481)
• Papillary tumor of the pineal region (Case 123)
• Paracavernous chondrosarcoma (Case 454)
• Parasellar lipoma (incidental finding) Case 596)
• Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (Case 330)
• Pineal cyst (Case 163)
• Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (Case 349)
• Pineoblastoma with acute hydrocephalus (Case 245)
• Pituitary macroadenoma (Case 81)
• Pituitary macroadenoma with apoplexy (Case 182)
• Pituitary microadenoma, consistent with Nelson’s Syndrome (Case 26)
• Pituitary prolactinoma (macroadenoma) (Case 498)
• Porencephalic cyst (Case 180)
• Pre-operative meningioma embolization (Case 555)
• Primary pituitary lymphoma (Case 565)
• Psammomatous meningioma (Case 512)
• Rathke cleft cyst (Case 557)
• Recurrent anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III) (Case 549)
• Recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma (Case 446)
• Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (Case 144)
• Recurrent glioblastoma with extracranial extension and leptomeningeal metastases (Case 343)
• Recurrent hydatid cyst in the brain (Case 125)
• Residual tumor and radiation necrosis (Case 194)
• Ruptured dermoid cyst (Case 132)
• Skullbase chordoma (Case 577)
• Skull hemangioma (Case 378)
• Supratentorial anaplastic ependymoma (Case 547)
• Trigeminal schwannoma responding to radiosurgery (Case 275)
• Tuberous sclerosis (Case 192)
• Tuberous sclerosis and pilocytic astrocytoma (Case 101)
• Virchow-Robin space (Case 183)
• Von Hippel Lindau disease (Case 89)

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Brain Vascular

• Acute and subacute subdural hematoma (Case 212)
• Acute basilar artery thrombosis (Case 76)
• Acute infarct on CT (Case 323)
• Acute left MCA stroke with successful intra-arterial recanalization (Case 473)
• An acute left MCA territory infarct (Case 24)
• Atypical Moyamoya disease (Case 582)
• Basilar artery fenestration (Case 518)
• Bilateral thalamic infarction (artery of percheron infarction) (Case 572)
• Bilateral vertebral artery dissection (Case 149)
• Biopsy proven cavernous hemangioma (Case 485)
• Calcified aneurysm (Case 452)
• Capillary telangectasia (Case 49)
• Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (Case 610)
• Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: acute, subacute, and chronic macrohemorrhages (Case 368)
• Cerebral venous air embolism (Case 350)
• Combination of PRES (hypertensive encephalopathy) and intracranial hypotension (Case 121)
• Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (Case 248)
• Developmental venous anomalies (DVA) (Case 282)
• Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis (Case 468)
• Dot sign as an early indicator of MCA and ACA infarction (Case 445)
• Duplicate basilar artery (Case 546)
• Duplication of left middle cerebral artery (Case 135)
• Dural arteriovenous fistula (Case 38)
• Dural arteriovenous fistula (Case 298)
• Fetal origin of the posterior cerebral arteries (Case 523)
• Fibromuscular dysplasia (Case 264)
• Focal hyperperfusion in peri-ictal phase of seizure disorder presenting as acute stroke (Case 480)
• Germinal matrix hemorrhage (Case 273)
• Giant aneurysm (Case 318)
• Hypereosinophilic syndrome (Case 394)
• Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (day 8) and Multicystic encephalopathy (day 35) (Case 259)
• Insular ribbon sign - acute infarct of insular cortical-subcortical white matter (Case 289)
• Intracerebral hemorrhage from amyloid angiopathy (Case 40)
• Intraparenchymal hemorrhage in an 11-year-old female (Case 42)
• Isodense (subacute) parenchymal hematoma (Case 145)
• Left MCA infarct classic progress (Case 537)
• Left transverse sinus thrombosis extending into superior sagittal, sigmoid and jugular sinus (Case 53)
• Middle cerebral artery fenestration (Case 351)
• Middle cerebral dense sign (Case 494)
• Nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (Case 208)
• Persistent trigeminal artery (Case 272)
• Persistent trigeminal artery (Case 370)
• Pituitary adenoma apoplexy (Case 364)
• PRES secondary to severe hypertension (hypertensive encephalopathy) (Feb 02)
• Recurrent dural AVF status post endovascular embolization (Case 552)
• Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (Case 414)
• Right PCA acute infarct, dense PCA sign (Case 544)
• Right temporal lobe seizure (Case 484)
• Ruptured atherosclerotic giant fusiform basilar artery aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage (Case 215)
• Ruptured fetal origin posterior cerebral artery aneurysm (Case 550)
• Ruptured MCA aneurysm (Case 328)
• Severe intracranial atherosclerosis (Case 267)
• Sinus pericranii (Case 509)
• Subacute hemorrhagic infarction (biopsy proven) (Case 604)
• Subacute infarct in a left MCA distribution (Case 337)
• Subacute ring-enhancing infarcts in the setting of luxury perfusion with areas of early cortical laminar necrosis (Case 388)
• Superficial siderosis (Case 526)
• Transverse sinus thrombosis (Case 223)
• Type A aortic dissection with occlusion of the right carotid artery and embolic cerebral infarcts (Case 541)
• Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (Case 515)
• Wallenberg’s Syndrome (lateral medullary infarction) followed by herniation (Case 33)
• Wrap around artifact on MRI (Case 463)

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Fetal

• Alobar holoprosencephaly (Dec 01)
• Cerebellar dysplasia/cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia of unknown cause (Case 126)
• Dorsal osseous dysraphism associated with lipomyelomeningocele and tethered cord (Case 331)
• Obstructive hydrocephalus, level of obstruction at aqueductal region (Case 156)

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Head & Neck

• Accessory parotid gland (Case 185)
• Accessory parotid gland (Case 425)
• Acute epiglottitis (Case 410)
• Acute suppurative thyroiditis with abscess of the left hemithyroid (Case 112)
• Bilateral congenital absence of oval windows with abnormal facial nerve canal (Case 407)
• Bilateral lens dislocation (bilateral ectopia lentis) (Case 168)
• Bilateral tympanostomy tubes in place with no evidence of serous otitis media (Case 35)
• Carotid body paraganglioma (Case 177)
• Carotidynia (Case 472)
• Cervical subcutaneous emphysema in association with a spontaneous pneumomediastinum (Case 359)
• Cholesteatoma (Case 136)
• Cleft palate (Case 228)
• Cochlear implant (Case 220)
• Coloboma (Case 227)
• Consistent with Sjogren’s syndrome involvement of the parotid glands (Nov 01)
• Deep neck infection of odontogenic origin (Case 305)
• Dermoid tumor of the tongue (Case 384)
• Eosinophilic granuloma, right orbit (Case 457)
• Esthesioneuroblastoma (Case 300)
• Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (Case 241)
• Facial venous vascular malformation treated with sclerotherapy (Case 169)
• Fibroblastic meningioma, biopsy proven (Case 173)
• Fibrous dysplasia (Case 181)
• Fibrous dysplasia of the frontal sinuses (Case 291)
• Globe rupture with choroidal detachment (Case 11)
• Grave's disease (Case 198)
• Hemangioma of left neck (Case 109)
• Hodgkin's disease (Case 329)
• Hyperostosis frontalis interna (Case 206)
• Idiopathic skull thickening (Case 189)
• Internal auditory canal (IAC) osteoma (Case 564)
• Internal laryngocele (Case 314)
• Intraocular silicone tamponade for retinal detachment (Case 217)
• Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil (Case 154)
• Inverted papilloma with postoperative recurrence (Case 160)
• Juvenile ossifying fibroma (pathology proven) (Case 502)
• Lacrimal gland inflammatory pseudotumor (dacryoadenitis) (Case 536)
• Lacrimal gland lymphoma (Case 301)
• Left jugular foramen chondrosarcoma (Case 534)
• Lemierre’s disease (Case 428)
• Lingual (ectopic) thyroid gland (Case 299)
• Lingual tonsilolith (Case 612)
• Lipoma (Case 207)
• Lipoma (Case 419)
• Longitudinal fracture of the temporal bone with extension into the sphenoid bone (Case 172)
• Low grade acinic cell carcinoma (Case 61)
• Lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, B-cell origin (Case 96)
• Mastoidectomy (Case 545)
• Mastoiditis with intracranial abscess (Jun 02)
• Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the esophagus presenting as a lytic skull lesion (Case 477)
• Metastatic disease to hypoglossal canal and clivus (Case 2)
• Metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma (Case 442)
• Microphthalmia and phthisis bulbi (Case 36)
• Mixed-cell malignant neoplasm (Case 225)
• Mixed laryngocele (Case 460)
• Multicentric Castleman's disease (Case 415)
• Multinodular goiter, caused by hyperthyroidism (Case 45)
• Nasopharyngeal branchial cyst (Case 390)
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Case 441)
• Nodular fasciitis of the right buccal space (Case 284)
• Normal post-carotid endarterectomy findings (Case 496)
• Old fracture and malunion of right temporomandibular joint and diffuse maxillary sinus disease bilaterally (Case 355)
• Ophthalmic herpes zoster infection with periorbital cellulitis and orbital emphysema (Case 9)
• Optic nerve drusen (Case 171)
• Paget disease (Case 431)
• Paget disease of bone (Case 254)
• Paget's disease of bone (Case 292)
• Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) (Case 205)
• Pansinusitis (Aug 01)
• Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin’s tumor) (Case 244)
• Pathologically proven metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the right masticator space (Case 449)
• Patient 1: FDG uptake mimicking a suspicious lesion. Patient 2: 18F-FDG uptake mimicking lymphoma. (Case 573)
• Persistent facial venous malformation status post sclerotherapy (Case 560)
• Persistent hypoglossal artery (Case 511)
• Pleomorphic adenoma - minor salivary gland-left parapharyngeal space (Case 517)
• Plexiform neurofibroma (Case 499)
• Plunging ranula (Case 558)
• Pyramidal lobe of the thyroid (Case 539)
• Ranula on the right side with left-sided intra-osseous cyst; radicular cyst (Case 25)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma (Case 279)
• Right carotid space paraganglioma, glomus vagale (May 02)
• Right optic neuritis/pseudotumor (Case 48)
• Right orbital retro-global mass: granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) (Case 461)
• Samter's syndrome (Case 346)
• Scalp cellular blue nevus (biopsy proven) (Case 503)
• Schwannoma of the 12th cranial nerve (Case 39)
• Sebaceous cysts of the scalp (Case 374)
• Sialoadenitis (Case 68)
• Skull metastatic disease (Case 202)
• SMART syndrome (stroke like migraine after radiation therapy) (Case 588)
• Status post LeFort I osteotomy (Case 5)
• Subperiosteal abscess (Case 342)
• Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint (Case 548)
• Temporalis muscle hypertrophy (Case 27)
• Thrombosed carotid-axillary bypass (Case 551)
• Thymic cyst (Case 186)
• Thyroglossal cyst (Case 230)
• Thyroid follicular adenoma (Case 533)
• Tornwaldt's cyst (Case 47)
• Traumatic posterior left lens dislocation (Mar 02)
• Tuberculus lymphadenitis (Case 404)
• Tullio’s phenomenon (Case 113)
• Undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharynx (Case 152)
• Unilateral vocal fold paralysis status post right medialization laryngoplasty with Gore-Tex stent placement (Case 324)
• Watson’s syndrome with a neurofibroma (Case 83)

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Interventional

• Bilateral percutaneous sacroplasty using CT fluoroscopy (Case 478)
• Biopsy of foramen ovale lesion (Case 7)
• Canalicular disease of the left eye (Case 234)
• Cerebral aneurysms (Case 10)
• Dural AV Malformation (DAVM) (Aug 02)
• Multiple cerebral aneurysms (Case 178)
• Post-vertebroplasty nerve decompression (Apr 02)
• Right aortic arch with aberrant left SCA and left ductus arteriosus (Case 23)
• Wire basket retrieval of submandibular duct calculus (Case 465)

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Maxillofacial

• Acute dacryocystitis with abscess formation (Case 568)
• Acute suppurative parotitis of the right parotid gland (Case 111)
• Ameloblastoma of the mandible (Case 535)
• Bilateral mandibular coronoid process hyperplasia (Case 165)
• Bilateral orbital mantle lymphoma (Case 586)
• Bony ankylosis of left TM joint (Case 235)
• Caldwell-Luc procedure (Case 362)
• Canine tooth avulsion (Case 276)
• Chronic fungal sinusitis secondary to aspergilli (Case 238)
• Congenital arhinia (Case 280)
• CT cisternography (Case 116)
• Dacryocystocele (Case 538)
• Dentigerous cyst (Case 270)
• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of mandible (Case 306)
• Erdheim Chester disease (Case 392)
• Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible (Case 75)
• Ewing's sarcoma of the nasal cavity and sinuses with secondary mucocele (Case 84)
• Fibrous dysplasia (Case 190)
• Fibrous dysplasia with predominant lucent area (cystic variety) (Case 381)
• Frontal mucocele (Case 93)
• Frontal sinus osteoma (Case 231)
• Impacted right maxillary canine (Case 316)
• Lacrimal gland cyst (Case 409)
• Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, eosinophilic granuloma (Case 124)
• Le Fort III fracture (Case 412)
• Le Fort III fracture (craniofascial dysjunction) (Case 184)
• Left ethmoidal mucocele (Case 581)
• Ludwig’s angina (Case 94)
• Mandibular fibrous dysplasia (Case 559)
• Mandibular fractures (Case 287)
• Mandibular metastasis from colonic adenocarcinoma (Case 385)
• Mixed LeFort I, II, and III fractures as well as mandibular fractures (Case 488)
• Motion artifact (Case 307)
• Mucocele of the right sphenoid sinus (Case 110)
• Nasopalatine duct cyst (Case 475)
• Odontogenic myxoma (Case 583)
• Orbital foreign body injury (saw) (Case 271)
• Orbital pseudotumor (biopsy) (Case 391)
• Osteoma centered at planum sphenoidale (Case 489)
• Osteoma of the temporal bone (Case 570)
• Plasmablastic lymphoma (Case 78)
• Post-traumatic orbital pseudomeningocele (Case 529)
• Posterior staphyloma (Case 386)
• Radicular (periapical) cyst (Case 260)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma (Case 312)
• Right submandibular stone (Case 98)
• Sialolithiasis in Wharton’s Duct removed with interventional radiologic techniques (Case 128)
• Sphenoid mucocele (Case 77)
• Stafne bone cyst (Case 311)
• Stenosis of Stenson’s duct; sialoadenitis (Case 85)
• Subcondylar fracture of the mandible (Case 322)
• Tonsilar calcification (Case 43)
• Torus mandibularis (Case 200)
• Torus palatinus (Case 226)
• Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis) (Case 176)
• Trigeminal neuralgia with an atrophic left trigeminal nerve (Case 335)

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Pediatric and Congenital

• Anomalous midline occipital suture (Case 474)
• Arnold-Chiari II malformation (Case 87)
• Band heterotopia (Case 8)
• Band heterotopia (Case 398)
• Bilateral absence of zygomatic arch in two siblings (Case 14)
• Bilateral congenital lens dislocations with colobomatous cysts after mycophenolate mofetil exposure in utero (Case 372)
• Birth Trauma: Patient 1: Subgaleal Hematoma and Patient 2: Cephalohematoma (Case 315)
• Cerebellar degeneration associated with CoQ 10 deficiency (Case 55)
• Chiari I malformation (Case 575)
• Chiari II malformation (Case 12)
• Congenital absence of the right internal carotid artery (Case 134)
• Congenital aural atresia (Case 179)
• Congenital nasal piriform aperture stenosis (Case 249)
• Congenital obstructive hydrocephalus (Case 224)
• Cortical dysplasia (Case 520)
• Cranial imaging findings in autosomal recessive (malignant) osteopetrosis (Case 408)
• Craniosynostosis and scaphocephaly (Case 174)
• Craniosynostosis with premature closure of the right coronal suture (Case 37)
• Dandy Walker variant (Case 64)
• Early enlarged parietal foramina (Case 219)
• Ectopic salivary tissue (Case 522)
• Encephalocele (Case 418)
• External hydrocephalus (Case 193)
• External hydrocephalus (Case 239)
• Gorlin syndrome with multiple odontogenic keratocysts (Case 450)
• Hemangioma of the left parotid (Case 396)
• Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (Case 201)
• Infant skull depression fracture (Case 218)
• Infantile osteopetrosis (Case 562)
• Joubert's syndrome (Case 13)
• Klippel Trenaunay syndrome (Case 433)
• Left coronal synostosis (Case 576)
• Leigh’s disease (Case 451)
• Lobar holoprosencephaly (Case 204)
• Lückenschãdel skull (Case 429)
• Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (Case 505)
• McCune-Albright syndrome (Jan 02)
• Mega cisterna magna (Case 476)
• Menkes' disease (Case 406)
• Middle interhemispheric holoprosencephaly (Case 403)
• Mondini Defect (Case 21)
• Mucopolysaccharidoses (Sep 02)
• Myelomeningocele (Case 437)
• Neuroblastoma (Case 467)
• Neuroglial cyst (Case 266)
• Oropharyngeal teratoma (Case 353)
• Prominent external occipital protuberance (Case 435)
• Rhombencephalosynapsis (Apr 01)
• Sanfilippo syndrome (Case 107)
• Schizencephaly (Case 58)
• Septo-optic dysplasia (DeMorsier's syndrome) (Case 15)
• Severe bilateral open lip schizencephaly (Case 325)
• Sturge-Weber syndrome with intraoccular hemangioma (Case 317)
• Subependymal (nodular) heterotopia (Case 196)
• Thyroglossal duct cyst (Case 256)
• Trigonocephaly (Case 283)
• Trigonocephaly (Case 332)
• Typical imaging findings of intracranial neuroenteric cyst (Case 543)
• Unilateral hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the foramen of Monro (Case 265)
• Vein of Galen malformation (Case 6)
• Vein of Galen malformation (Case 246)

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Skull

• Calvarial metastasis from neuroblastoma with spiculated calcification (Case 294)
• Renal osteodystrophy (Case 436)
• Scalp lipoma (Case 578)

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Spine

• Acute hyperflexion injury with marked anterior subluxation of C5-6, bifacetal dislocation, and cord compression (Case 32)
• Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome (Case 56)
• Acute transverse myelitis (Case 327)
• Aneurysmal unicameral bone cyst - spine (Case 348)
• Anterior epidural venous plexus enlargement (Case 448)
• Baastrup’s sign (Case 188)
• Basilar invagination (Case 440)
• Basilar invagination of dens (Case 382)
• Benign thoracic meningioma (Case 242)
• Bilateral jumped facets with spinal cord contusion (Case 580)
• Biopsy proven neuroblastoma, schwannian stroma-poor, differentiating, very low MKI, consistent with favorable histology (Case 483)
• Camptocormia (Case 516)
• Caudal regression syndrome (Case 82)
• Caudal regression syndrome (Case 443)
• Caudal regression syndrome; Type II (Case 462)
• Cavernous hemangioma (Case 434)
• Cervical diastematomyelia (Pang type II split cord malformation) (Case 303)
• Cervical hemivertebra (Case 432)
• Cervical spinal canal meningioma (Case 290)
• Cervicomedullary compression due to narrow foramen magnum in achondroplasia (Case 129)
• Chondrosarcoma, low grade 1 (Case 506)
• Chordoma of C2 vertebra (Case 507)
• Chronic lumbar spondylodiscitis (Case 371)
• Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) (Case 594)
• Congenital absence of the posterior arch of the atlas, with persistent posterior tubercle (Case 211)
• Craniocaudal distraction injury of the atlantoaxial articulation, with atlantoaxial dislocation and type 1 dens fracture (Case 464)
• Cystic schwannoma (Case 269)
• Degenerative changes of lumbar spine with worsening on standing position (Case 561)
• Discitis L5/S1 (Case 490)
• Duplicated foramen transversarium and presumed duplication of the vertebral arteries (Case 334)
• Epidural abscess (Case 3)
• Far lateral lumbar disc herniation (Case 115)
• Follicular lymphoma (Case 148)
• Free disk fragment (sequestered disk) (Case 210)
• Glioblastoma of medulla and upper cervical spinal cord (Case 427)
• Guillain-Barré syndrome (Case 504)
• Hangman's fracture (traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2) (Case 31)
• Hirayama disease (Case 592)
• Iatrogenic spinal epidural lipomatosis (Case 611)
• Idiopathic brachial neuritis - Parsonage-Turner syndrome (Case 493)
• Idiopathic cord herniation (Case 268)
• Intracranial neurenteric cyst (Case 321)
• Intradural extramedullary tumor - meningioma (Case 51)
• Intramedullary lipoma (Case 34)
• Intramedullary metastases from malignant melanoma to cervical spinal cord (Case 459)
• Intramedullary neuroenteric cyst (Case 240)
• Intramedullary spinal cord tumor: pilocytic astrocytoma (Case 297)
• Intraspinal extradural lesion at C1/C2 level (Case 605)
• Jumped facet (at C6-C7) and fracture (C6 facet) (Case 278)
• L5-S1 disc extrusion spontaneous disappearance without surgery (Case 247)
• Left unilateral locked facet with right perched facet (Case 423)
• Leptomeningeal involvement of leukemia (Case 340)
• Leptomeningeal metastases (Case 459)
• Leptomeningeal spinal metastases of cerebral GBM (Case 598)
• Lipoblastoma (Case 137)
• Lipoma of the filum terminale (fatty filum) (Case 258)
• Malignant glioneuronal tumor of the cervical spine (Case 262)
• Marfan syndrome (Sep 01)
• Multiple myeloma (Case 203)
• Multiple sclerosis of cord (Case 108)
• Myositis ossificans circumscripta (pseudomalignant myositis ossificans) (Case 422)
• Myositis ossificans of the erector spinae muscle (Case 397)
• Non-fused posterior arch of the atlas (Case 131)
• Old midline fracture of the C1 ring (Case 102)
• Ossiculum terminale (Case 253)
• Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (Case 54)
• Osteoid osteoma (Jun 02)
• Osteomyelitis with epidural abscess (Case 146)
• Osteosarcoma of the L1 vertebral body (Case 363)
• Pannus at C2 (Case 393)
• Pannus at cervicocranial junction (Case 80)
• Pathology proven metastatic penile squamous cell carcinoma to L2 (Case 375)
• Plasmacytoma (Case 151)
• Plasmacytoma (Case 383)
• Postlaminectomy pseudomeningocele, with nerve root herniation (Case 261)
• Pseudomeningocele from traumatic cervical root avulsion (Case 30)
• Pseudomeningocele related headache successfully treated by epidural blood patch placement under computed tomography guidance (Case 487)
• Rotatory subluxation of C1 on C2 (Case 430)
• Sacral neurofibroma (Case 326)
• Sacral perineural cyst (Case 479)
• Sacrococcygeal chordoma (Case 251)
• Sarcoidosis (Case 554)
• Secondary hemochromatosis due to iron overload by repeated blood transfusions (Case 60)
• Solitary fibrous tumor of the spine (Case 514)
• Spinal cord tumor biopsy: pilocytic astrocytoma, WHO grade I (Case 486)
• Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVFs) (Case 46)
• Spinal ependymoma (myxopapillary ependymoma) (Case 90)
• Spinal epidural hematoma (Case 70)
• Spinal epidural hematoma (Case 563)
• Spinal myxopapillary ependymoma (Case 606)
• Spinal osseous sarcoid (Case 593)
• Spontaneous epidural abscess in a child (Case 229)
• Spontaneous spinal cord herniation (Case 304)
• Stress fracture of pars (Case 413)
• Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (Case 319)
• Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord caused by nitrous oxide (Case 495)
• Synovial/ganglion cyst (Case 52)
• Tarlov cyst (Case 336)
• Tarlov's (perineural root sleeve) cyst (Case 471)
• Transverse myelitis with spinal cord atrophy (Case 288)
• Tuberculosis of the craniocervical junction (Case 117)
• Tuberculous spondylitis, Pott's disease (Case 338)
• Unstable Grade II anterolisthesis of L5 on S1 with bilateral spondylolysis of L5 (Case 380)
• Ventriculus terminalis (Case 155)
• Vertebral body hemangioma with epidural component (Case 281)
• Vertebral body hemangiomas (Case 438)
• Vertebral compression fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta (Case 302)
• Vertebral hemangioma with extraosseous extension (Case 252)

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Trauma

• Atlantoccipital dislocation (Case 513)
• Atlanto-occipital distraction (Case 313)
• Bilateral epidural hematomas (Case 400)
• Bilateral isodense subdural hematomas (Case 187)
• Bilateral locked facets at C7/T1 with associated C7 spinous process fracture, anterolisthesis, and cord compression (Case 221)
• Bilateral subdural calcifications (Case 519)
• Bird shots injury (Case 277)
• Blowout fracture of the medial wall of right orbit (Case 296)
• Brain death - hot nose sign (Case 527)
• C7 burst fracture with cord compression and associated small epidural hematoma (Case 222)
• Cerebral fat embolism (CFE) (Case 447)
• Clivus fracture (Case 358)
• Delayed epidural hematoma (Case 357)
• Distracted flexion injury C4-C5 with traumatic herniated disk and left C5 radiculopathy with focal cord contusion (Case 405)
• Epidural hematoma (Case 17)
• Extension tear drop fracture (Case 424)
• Left-sided tripod fracture (Case 191)
• Maxillary buccal boneplate fracture (Case 366)
• Non-accidental head injury (child abuse) (Case 88)
• Oblique petrous temporal bone fracture (Case 352)
• Odontoid fracture type II (Case 232)
• Orbital blow-out fractures (Case 354)
• Orbital floor reconstruction with mesh (Case 308)
• Pneumomediastinum (Case 401)
• Pseudoaneurysm of the posterior circumflex artery of the arm in the quadrilateral space with axial nerve compression (Case 216)
• Scalp hematoma (Case 365)
• Subdural hematoma that is visualized after contrast (Case 469)
• Transverse fracture of the temporal bone (Case 492)
• Transverse temporal bone fracture (Case 255)
• Type III odontoid fracture (Case 257)

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