The generation of immunological memory is essential for protection against subsequent infections. My lab works on CD8⁺ T cell memory. We have developed model systems for generating long-lasting CD8⁺ T cell memory under conditions where the antigen is unlikely to persist for more than a few days. Mice are immunised with dendritic cells pulsed with peptides defining class I epitopes; memory is evaluated by cytokine production or cytotoxicity after in vitro restimulation with antigen. CD8⁺ T cell priming in this system is entirely dependent on CD4⁺ T cell help, but does not require B cells or antibody. Mice immunised with peptide-pulsed DC show peptide-specific memory cytotoxic responses more than a year after immunisation; in contrast, protective memory declines quite sharply 8-15 days after immunisation. We are currently testing whether this is due to death of antigen-specific cells, or to their reversion to a less activated state in the absence of antigen.

Until recently, research on memory has depended on functional assays that measure memory responses at the population level. It is now possible, however, to identify antigen-specific cells using techniques that don't rely on functional assays (TCR-transgenics, MHC-peptide tetramers); in addition, the frequency of antigen-specific cells can be estimated using single cell assays for cytokine production (flow cytometry, elispots) that are very much more sensitive than limiting dilution analysis for CTL precursors. We are now combining these techniques with the DC immunisation protocol to ask basic questions about the behaviour of CD8⁺ memory T cells, to design successful vaccination strategies against the relevant pathogens.

Wang JC, Livingstone AM. Cutting edge: CD4+ T cell help can be essential for primary CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. J Immunol. 171:6339-43, 2003.

Snyder JE, Bowers WJ, Livingstone AM, Lee FE, Federoff HJ, Mosmann TR. Measuring the frequency of mouse and human cytotoxic T cells by the Lysispot assay: independent regulation of cytokine secretion and short-term killing. Nat Med. 9:231-6, 2003.

Livingstone A, Kuhn M. Peptide-pulsed splenic dendritic cells prime long-lasting CD8+ T cell memory in the absence of cross-priming by host APC. Eur J Immunol 32:281-290, 2002.

Livingstone A, Kuhn M. Dendritic cells need T cell help to prime cytotoxic T cell responses to strong antigens. Eur J Immunol 29:2826-34, 1999.

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