David Williams
| Title | Professor |
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| Institution | University of Rochester, River Campus |
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| Department | The Institute for Optics |
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| Address | University of Rochester
500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd.
Box 270268
Rochester NY 14611
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| Title | Director |
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| Institution | University of Rochester, River Campus |
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| Department | Center for Visual Science A&S |
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| Title | Professor |
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| Institution | School of Medicine and Dentistry |
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| Department | Ophthalmology |
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We use adaptive optics, the same technique used by astronomers to take clear pictures of the sky through the earth's turbulent atmosphere, to explore the organization and function of the retina and the optical and neural limits on human vision. Just as atmospheric turbulence distorts light arriving from distant stars, imperfections in the eye's cornea and lens distort light passing through the eye, causing blurred images to be formed on the retina.
With adaptive optics, which uses a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor to measure the eye's imperfections and a deformable mirror to correct them, we can correct most of the optical aberrations in the eye, providing the eye with the best image quality ever achieved. This means we can look into the eye and see the retina more clearly than was ever possible before, even allowing us to see individual cells in the living retina, but also that we can look out from the eye and see a much sharper view of the world than ever seen before. In addition to learning more about the retina, we use adaptive optics to examine the potential for improving vision by correcting the optical aberrations of the eye, and to probe the neural limits on human vision.
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Carroll J, Dubra A, Gardner JC, Mizrahi-Meissonnier L, Cooper RF, Dubis AM, Nordgren R, Genead M, Connor TB, Stepien KE, Sharon D, Hunt DM, Banin E, Hardcastle AJ, Moore AT, Williams DR, Fishman G, Neitz J, Neitz M, Michaelides M. The effect of cone opsin mutations on retinal structure and the integrity of the photoreceptor mosaic. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53(13):8006-15.
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Yamamoto K, Zhou J, Hunter JJ, Williams DR, Sparrow JR. Toward an understanding of bisretinoid autofluorescence bleaching and recovery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53(7):3536-44.
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Read SA, Williams DR, Wojtkowski M, Roorda A, Nichols JJ, Mutti DO, Kaufman PL, Carney LG. Imaging and measurement in the eye: now and ahead. Optom Vis Sci. 2012 May; 89(5):521-3.
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White K, Haas JS, Williams DR. Elucidating the role of place in health care disparities: the example of racial/ethnic residential segregation. Health Serv Res. 2012 Jun; 47(3 Pt 2):1278-99.
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Williams DR, Kontos EZ, Viswanath K, Haas JS, Lathan CS, Macconaill LE, Chen J, Ayanian JZ. Integrating multiple social statuses in health disparities research: the case of lung cancer. Health Serv Res. 2012 Jun; 47(3 Pt 2):1255-77.
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Geng Y, Dubra A, Yin L, Merigan WH, Sharma R, Libby RT, Williams DR. Adaptive optics retinal imaging in the living mouse eye. Biomed Opt Express. 2012 Apr 1; 3(4):715-34.
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Hunter JJ, Morgan JI, Merigan WH, Sliney DH, Sparrow JR, Williams DR. The susceptibility of the retina to photochemical damage from visible light. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012 Jan; 31(1):28-42.
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Sallo FB, Leung I, Chung M, Wolf-Schnurrbusch UE, Dubra A, Williams DR, Clemons T, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC, Peto T. Retinal crystals in type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia. Ophthalmology. 2011 Dec; 118(12):2461-7.
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Dubra A, Sulai Y, Norris JL, Cooper RF, Dubis AM, Williams DR, Carroll J. Noninvasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope. Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Jul 1; 2(7):1864-76.
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Williams DR. Imaging single cells in the living retina. Vision Res. 2011 Jul 1; 51(13):1379-96.
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Yin L, Greenberg K, Hunter JJ, Dalkara D, Kolstad KD, Masella BD, Wolfe R, Visel M, Stone D, Libby RT, Diloreto D, Schaffer D, Flannery J, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Intravitreal injection of AAV2 transduces macaque inner retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr; 52(5):2775-83.
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Geng Y, Schery LA, Sharma R, Dubra A, Ahmad K, Libby RT, Williams DR. Optical properties of the mouse eye. Biomed Opt Express. 2011; 2(4):717-38.
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Doble N, Choi SS, Codona JL, Christou J, Enoch JM, Williams DR. In vivo imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic. Opt Lett. 2011 Jan 1; 36(1):31-3.
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Hunter JJ, Masella B, Dubra A, Sharma R, Yin L, Merigan WH, Palczewska G, Palczewski K, Williams DR. Images of photoreceptors in living primate eyes using adaptive optics two-photon ophthalmoscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2010; 2(1):139-48.
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Wagner-Schuman M, Neitz J, Rha J, Williams DR, Neitz M, Carroll J. Color-deficient cone mosaics associated with Xq28 opsin mutations: a stop codon versus gene deletions. Vision Res. 2010 Nov 23; 50(23):2396-402.
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Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Cooper RC, Shea S, Williams DR. Neighborhood stressors and race/ethnic differences in hypertension prevalence (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Hypertens. 2011 Feb; 24(2):187-93.
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Shroff SA, Fienup JR, Williams DR. Lateral superresolution using a posteriori phase shift estimation for a moving object: experimental results. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2010 Aug 1; 27(8):1770-82.
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Carroll J, Rossi EA, Porter J, Neitz J, Roorda A, Williams DR, Neitz M. Deletion of the X-linked opsin gene array locus control region (LCR) results in disruption of the cone mosaic. Vision Res. 2010 Sep 15; 50(19):1989-99.
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Zhou Y, Chen L, Barlogie B, Stephens O, Wu X, Williams DR, Cartron MA, van Rhee F, Nair B, Waheed S, Pineda-Roman M, Alsayed Y, Anaissie E, Shaughnessy JD. High-risk myeloma is associated with global elevation of miRNAs and overexpression of EIF2C2/AGO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 27; 107(17):7904-9.
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Carroll J, Baraas RC, Wagner-Schuman M, Rha J, Siebe CA, Sloan C, Tait DM, Thompson S, Morgan JI, Neitz J, Williams DR, Foster DH, Neitz M. Cone photoreceptor mosaic disruption associated with Cys203Arg mutation in the M-cone opsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 8; 106(49):20948-53.
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Gómez-Vieyra A, Dubra A, Malacara-Hernández D, Williams DR. First-order design of off-axis reflective ophthalmic adaptive optics systems using afocal telescopes. Opt Express. 2009 Oct 12; 17(21):18906-19.
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Scoles D, Gray DC, Hunter JJ, Wolfe R, Gee BP, Geng Y, Masella BD, Libby RT, Russell S, Williams DR, Merigan WH. In-vivo imaging of retinal nerve fiber layer vasculature: imaging histology comparison. BMC Ophthalmol. 2009; 9:9.
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Morgan JI, Hunter JJ, Merigan WH, Williams DR. The reduction of retinal autofluorescence caused by light exposure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec; 50(12):6015-22.
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Geng Y, Greenberg KP, Wolfe R, Gray DC, Hunter JJ, Dubra A, Flannery JG, Williams DR, Porter J. In vivo imaging of microscopic structures in the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec; 50(12):5872-9.
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Williams DR, Sternthal M, Wright RJ. Social determinants: taking the social context of asthma seriously. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar; 123 Suppl 3:S174-84.
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Shroff SA, Fienup JR, Williams DR. Phase-shift estimation in sinusoidally illuminated images for lateral superresolution. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2009 Feb; 26(2):413-24.
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Friedman EM, Williams DR, Singer BH, Ryff CD. Chronic discrimination predicts higher circulating levels of E-selectin in a national sample: the MIDUS study. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Jul; 23(5):684-92.
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009 Feb; 32(1):20-47.
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Morgan JI, Dubra A, Wolfe R, Merigan WH, Williams DR. In vivo autofluorescence imaging of the human and macaque retinal pigment epithelial cell mosaic. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Mar; 50(3):1350-9.
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Brainard DH, Williams DR, Hofer H. Trichromatic reconstruction from the interleaved cone mosaic: Bayesian model and the color appearance of small spots. J Vis. 2008; 8(5):15.1-23.
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Carroll J, Choi SS, Williams DR. In vivo imaging of the photoreceptor mosaic of a rod monochromat. Vision Res. 2008 Nov; 48(26):2564-8.
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Morgan JI, Hunter JJ, Masella B, Wolfe R, Gray DC, Merigan WH, Delori FC, Williams DR. Light-induced retinal changes observed with high-resolution autofluorescence imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Aug; 49(8):3715-29.
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Acevedo-Garcia D, Osypuk TL, McArdle N, Williams DR. Toward a policy-relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in child health. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008 Mar-Apr; 27(2):321-33.
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Gray DC, Wolfe R, Gee BP, Scoles D, Geng Y, Masella BD, Dubra A, Luque S, Williams DR, Merigan WH. In vivo imaging of the fine structure of rhodamine-labeled macaque retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jan; 49(1):467-73.
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Borrell LN, Jacobs DR, Williams DR, Pletcher MJ, Houston TK, Kiefe CI. Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Nov 1; 166(9):1068-79.
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Chen L, Artal P, Gutierrez D, Williams DR. Neural compensation for the best aberration correction. J Vis. 2007; 7(10):9.1-9.
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Doble N, Miller DT, Yoon G, Williams DR. Requirements for discrete actuator and segmented wavefront correctors for aberration compensation in two large populations of human eyes. Appl Opt. 2007 Jul 10; 46(20):4501-14.
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González HM, Whitfield KE, West BT, Williams DR, Lichtenberg PA, Jackson JS. Modified-Symbol Digit Modalities Test for African Americans, Caribbean Black Americans, and non-Latino Whites: nationally representative normative data from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007 Jun; 22(5):605-13.
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Baraas RC, Carroll J, Gunther KL, Chung M, Williams DR, Foster DH, Neitz M. Adaptive optics retinal imaging reveals S-cone dystrophy in tritan color-vision deficiency. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2007 May; 24(5):1438-47.
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Sabesan R, Jeong TM, Carvalho L, Cox IG, Williams DR, Yoon G. Vision improvement by correcting higher-order aberrations with customized soft contact lenses in keratoconic eyes. Opt Lett. 2007 Apr 15; 32(8):1000-2.
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Makous W, Carroll J, Wolfing JI, Lin J, Christie N, Williams DR. Retinal microscotomas revealed with adaptive-optics microflashes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Sep; 47(9):4160-7.
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Gray DC, Merigan W, Wolfing JI, Gee BP, Porter J, Dubra A, Twietmeyer TH, Ahamd K, Tumbar R, Reinholz F, Williams DR. In vivo fluorescence imaging of primate retinal ganglion cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Opt Express. 2006 Aug 7; 14(16):7144-58.
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Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among african american women in detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006 Jul; 96(7):1265-70.
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Wolfing JI, Chung M, Carroll J, Roorda A, Williams DR. High-resolution retinal imaging of cone-rod dystrophy. Ophthalmology. 2006 Jun; 113(6):1019.e1.
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Porter J, Yoon G, Lozano D, Wolfing J, Tumbar R, Macrae S, Cox IG, Williams DR. Aberrations induced in wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery due to shifts between natural and dilated pupil center locations. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006 Jan; 32(1):21-32.
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Chen L, Kruger PB, Hofer H, Singer B, Williams DR. Accommodation with higher-order monochromatic aberrations corrected with adaptive optics. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2006 Jan; 23(1):1-8.
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Choi SS, Doble N, Lin J, Christou J, Williams DR. Effect of wavelength on in vivo images of the human cone mosaic. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2005 Dec; 22(12):2598-605.
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Porter J, Yoon G, MacRae S, Pan G, Twietmeyer T, Cox IG, Williams DR. Surgeon offsets and dynamic eye movements in laser refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Nov; 31(11):2058-66.
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Hofer H, Carroll J, Neitz J, Neitz M, Williams DR. Organization of the human trichromatic cone mosaic. J Neurosci. 2005 Oct 19; 25(42):9669-79.
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Putnam NM, Hofer HJ, Doble N, Chen L, Carroll J, Williams DR. The locus of fixation and the foveal cone mosaic. J Vis. 2005; 5(7):632-9.
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Hofer H, Singer B, Williams DR. Different sensations from cones with the same photopigment. J Vis. 2005; 5(5):444-54.
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Chen L, Singer B, Guirao A, Porter J, Williams DR. Image metrics for predicting subjective image quality. Optom Vis Sci. 2005 May; 82(5):358-69.
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Karlamangla AS, Singer BH, Williams DR, Schwartz JE, Matthews KA, Kiefe CI, Seeman TE. Impact of socioeconomic status on longitudinal accumulation of cardiovascular risk in young adults: the CARDIA Study (USA). Soc Sci Med. 2005 Mar; 60(5):999-1015.
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Payne TJ, Wyatt SB, Mosley TH, Dubbert PM, Guiterrez-Mohammed ML, Calvin RL, Taylor HA, Williams DR. Sociocultural methods in the Jackson Heart Study: conceptual and descriptive overview. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15(4 Suppl 6):S6-38-48.
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Yoon G, Macrae S, Williams DR, Cox IG. Causes of spherical aberration induced by laser refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Jan; 31(1):127-35.
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Fiscella K, Williams DR. Health disparities based on socioeconomic inequities: implications for urban health care. Acad Med. 2004 Dec; 79(12):1139-47.
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Yoon G, Jeong TM, Cox IG, Williams DR. Vision improvement by correcting higher-order aberrations with phase plates in normal eyes. J Refract Surg. 2004 Sep-Oct; 20(5):S523-7.
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Christou JC, Roorda A, Williams DR. Deconvolution of adaptive optics retinal images. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2004 Aug; 21(8):1393-401.
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Travassos C, Williams DR. The concept and measurement of race and their relationship to public health: a review focused on Brazil and the United States. Cad Saude Publica. 2004 May-Jun; 20(3):660-78.
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Carroll J, Neitz M, Hofer H, Neitz J, Williams DR. Functional photoreceptor loss revealed with adaptive optics: an alternate cause of color blindness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 1; 101(22):8461-6.
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Artal P, Chen L, Fernández EJ, Singer B, Manzanera S, Williams DR. Neural compensation for the eye's optical aberrations. J Vis. 2004 Apr 16; 4(4):281-7.
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Diller L, Packer OS, Verweij J, McMahon MJ, Williams DR, Dacey DM. L and M cone contributions to the midget and parasol ganglion cell receptive fields of macaque monkey retina. J Neurosci. 2004 Feb 4; 24(5):1079-88.
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Pallikaris A, Williams DR, Hofer H. The reflectance of single cones in the living human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Oct; 44(10):4580-92.
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Artal P, Chen L, Fernández EJ, Singer B, Manzanera S, Williams DR. Adaptive optics for vision: the eye's adaptation to point spread function. J Refract Surg. 2003 Sep-Oct; 19(5):S585-7.
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Porter J, MacRae S, Yoon G, Roberts C, Cox IG, Williams DR. Separate effects of the microkeratome incision and laser ablation on the eye's wave aberration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug; 136(2):327-37.
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Guirao A, Williams DR. A method to predict refractive errors from wave aberration data. Optom Vis Sci. 2003 Jan; 80(1):36-42.
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Williams DR. Race, health, and health care. St Louis Univ Law J. 2003; 48(1):13-35.
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Guirao A, Williams DR, MacRae SM. Effect of beam size on the expected benefit of customized laser refractive surgery. J Refract Surg. 2003 Jan-Feb; 19(1):15-23.
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Doble N, Yoon G, Chen L, Bierden P, Singer B, Olivier S, Williams DR. Use of a microelectromechanical mirror for adaptive optics in the human eye. Opt Lett. 2002 Sep 1; 27(17):1537-9.
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Neitz J, Carroll J, Yamauchi Y, Neitz M, Williams DR. Color perception is mediated by a plastic neural mechanism that is adjustable in adults. Neuron. 2002 Aug 15; 35(4):783-92.
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Williams DR. Racial/ethnic variations in women's health: the social embeddedness of health. Am J Public Health. 2002 Apr; 92(4):588-97.
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Guirao A, Porter J, Williams DR, Cox IG. Calculated impact of higher-order monochromatic aberrations on retinal image quality in a population of human eyes. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002 Mar; 19(3):620-8.
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Yoon GY, Williams DR. Visual performance after correcting the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations of the eye. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002 Feb; 19(2):266-75.
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Guirao A, Cox IG, Williams DR. Method for optimizing the correction of the eye's higher-order aberrations in the presence of decentrations. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002 Jan; 19(1):126-8.
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Roorda A, Williams DR. Optical fiber properties of individual human cones. J Vis. 2002; 2(5):404-12.
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Guirao A, Porter J, Williams DR, Cox IG. Calculated impact of higher-order monochromatic aberrations on retinal image quality in a population of human eyes. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002 Jan; 19(1):1-9.
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Schulz AJ, Williams DR, Israel BA, Lempert LB. Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit. Milbank Q. 2002; 80(4):677-707, iv.
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Porter J, Guirao A, Cox IG, Williams DR. Monochromatic aberrations of the human eye in a large population. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2001 Aug; 18(8):1793-803.
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Hofer H, Artal P, Singer B, Aragón JL, Williams DR. Dynamics of the eye's wave aberration. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2001 Mar; 18(3):497-506.
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Williams D, Yoon GY, Porter J, Guirao A, Hofer H, Cox I. Visual benefit of correcting higher order aberrations of the eye. J Refract Surg. 2000 Sep-Oct; 16(5):S554-9.
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McMahon MJ, Lankheet MJ, Lennie P, Williams DR. Fine structure of parvocellular receptive fields in the primate fovea revealed by laser interferometry. J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 1; 20(5):2043-53.
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Roorda A, Williams DR. The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye. Nature. 1999 Feb 11; 397(6719):520-2.
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Liang J, Williams DR. Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 1997 Nov; 14(11):2873-83.
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Liang J, Williams DR, Miller DT. Supernormal vision and high-resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 1997 Nov; 14(11):2884-92.
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Miller DT, Williams DR, Morris GM, Liang J. Images of cone photoreceptors in the living human eye. Vision Res. 1996 Apr; 36(8):1067-79.
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Williams DR, Artal P, Navarro R, McMahon MJ, Brainard DH. Off-axis optical quality and retinal sampling in the human eye. Vision Res. 1996 Apr; 36(8):1103-14.
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Packer OS, Williams DR, Bensinger DG. Photopigment transmittance imaging of the primate photoreceptor mosaic. J Neurosci. 1996 Apr 1; 16(7):2251-60.
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Williams DR, Brainard DH, McMahon MJ, Navarro R. Double-pass and interferometric measures of the optical quality of the eye. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 1994 Dec; 11(12):3123-35.
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Sekiguchi N, Williams DR, Brainard DH. Aberration-free measurements of the visibility of isoluminant gratings. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 1993 Oct; 10(10):2105-17.
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Sekiguchi N, Williams DR, Brainard DH. Efficiency in detection of isoluminant and isochromatic interference fringes. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 1993 Oct; 10(10):2118-33.
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Chen B, Makous W, Williams DR. Serial spatial filters in vision. Vision Res. 1993 Feb; 33(3):413-27.
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Brainard DH, Williams DR. Spatial reconstruction of signals from short-wavelength cones. Vision Res. 1993 Jan; 33(1):105-16.
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Galvin SJ, Williams DR. No aliasing at edges in normal viewing. Vision Res. 1992 Dec; 32(12):2251-9.
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Packer O, Williams DR. Blurring by fixational eye movements. Vision Res. 1992 Oct; 32(10):1931-9.
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Sekiguchi N, Williams DR, Packer O. Nonlinear distortion of gratings at the foveal resolution limit. Vision Res. 1991; 31(5):815-31.
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Coletta NJ, Williams DR, Tiana CL. Consequences of spatial sampling for human motion perception. Vision Res. 1990; 30(11):1631-48.
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Williams DR. Topography of the foveal cone mosaic in the living human eye. Vision Res. 1988; 28(3):433-54.
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