Fever in Children
What is a fever?
A fever is defined by most healthcare providers as a temperature of 100.4°F (38°C)
and higher when taken rectally.
The body has several ways to maintain normal body temperature. The organs involved
in helping with temperature regulation include the brain, skin, muscle, and blood
vessels. The body responds to changes in temperature by:
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Increasing or decreasing sweat production
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Moving blood away from, or closer to, the surface of the skin
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Getting rid of, or holding on to, water in the body
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Seeking a cooler or warmer environment
When your child has a fever, the body works the same way to control the temperature.
But it has temporarily reset its thermostat at a higher temperature. The temperature
increases for a number of reasons:
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Chemicals, called cytokines and mediators, are made in the body in response to an
invasion from a microorganism, malignancy, or other intruder.
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The body is making more macrophages. These are cells that go to combat when intruders
are present in the body. These cells actually "eat-up" the invading organism.
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The body is busy trying to make natural antibodies, which fight infection. These antibodies
will recognize the infection next time it tries to invade.
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Many bacteria are enclosed in an overcoat-like membrane. When this membrane is disrupted
or broken, the contents that escape can be toxic to the body. They stimulate the brain
to raise the temperature.
What conditions can cause a fever?
These conditions can cause a fever:
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Infectious diseases
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Certain medicines
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Heat stroke
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Blood transfusion
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Disorders in the brain
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Some kinds of cancer
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Some autoimmune diseases
What are the benefits of a fever?
Fever is not an illness. It is a symptom, or sign, that your body is fighting an illness
or infection. Fever stimulates the body's defenses, sending white blood cells and
other "fighter" cells to fight and destroy the cause of the infection.
What are the symptoms that my child may have a fever?
Children with fevers may become more uncomfortable as the temperature rises. Along
with a body temperature greater than 100.4°F (38°C), symptoms may include:
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Your child may not be as active or talkative as usual.
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Your child may seem fussier, less hungry, and thirstier.
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Your child may feel warm or hot. Remember that even if your child feels like he or
she is "burning up," the measured temperature may not be that high.
The symptoms of a fever may look like other health conditions. According to the American
Academy of Pediatrics, if your child is younger than 3 months of age and has a temperature
of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher, you should call your child's healthcare provider right
away. If you are unsure, always check with your child's healthcare provider for a
diagnosis.
When should a fever be treated?
In children, a fever that is making them uncomfortable should be treated. Treating
your child's fever will not help the body get rid of the infection any faster. It
simply will relieve discomfort linked to the fever. Children between the ages of 6
months and 5 years can develop seizures from fever (called febrile seizures). If your
child does have a febrile seizure, there is a chance that the seizure may occur again.
But usually children outgrow the febrile seizures. A febrile seizure does not mean
your child has epilepsy. There is no evidence that treating the fever will reduce
the risk of having a febrile seizure.
What can I do to decrease my child's fever?
Give your child an antifever medicine, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. DON'T give your child aspirin. It has been linked to a serious, potentially fatal disease,
called Reye syndrome.
Other ways to reduce a fever:
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Dress your child lightly. Excess clothing will trap body heat and cause the temperature
to rise.
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Encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids, such as water, juices, or popsicles.
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Give your child a lukewarm bath. Do not allow your child to shiver from cold water.
It can raise the body temperature. Never leave your child unattended in the bathtub.
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Don't use alcohol baths.
When should I call my child's healthcare provider?
Unless advised otherwise by your child’s healthcare provider, call the provider right
away if:
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Your child is 3 months old or younger and has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher.
Get medical care right away. Fever in a young baby can be a sign of a dangerous infection.
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Your child is of any age and has repeated fevers above 104°F (40°C).
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Your child is younger than 2 years of age and has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) that lasts
for more than 1 day.
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Your child is age 2 or older and has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) that lasts for more
than 3 days.
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Your baby is fussy or cries and can't be soothed.