COVID-19 (Also Called SARS-CoV-2 or COVID or Coronavirus) in Pregnancy

COVID-19 (also called SARS-CoV-2) is a coronavirus that causes an upper respiratory illness. It is transmitted from person to person through respiratory exposures.

Symptoms of COVID can be highly variable, and some people may not have any symptoms. Symptoms typically appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus and can include:

• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Muscle or body aches
• Headache
• New loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea

Note: This list does not include all possible symptoms.

All people, but especially those that are pregnant should follow preventive measures (universal masking, physical distancing, hand hygiene) to prevent acquiring the corona virus. If you are a in a health care profession, wearing appropriate personal protective equipment ("PPE") can also reduce the risk. If you are exposed, testing and quarantine are recommended to prevent transmission to other people. Prompt testing with isolation and contact tracing can significantly decrease COVID-19 transmission. When vaccination becomes available, this will also help to decrease the risk. 

COVID-19 is a serious risk in pregnancy. People who have severe underlying medical conditions like heart or lung disease, sickle cell disease, or diabetes seem to be at higher risk for developing more serious complications from COVID-19 illness.

Pregnancy is a high-risk condition for the development of more severe COVID symptoms and increases the risk of hospitalization and complications in those that get COVID-19. If you get COVID-19, and develop severe symptoms, you may need to be admitted and/or delivered early. You can learn lots more about COVID in pregnancy and lactation at the CDC website.

If you do have COVID while you are pregnant or lactating, please consider signing up for one of the COVID in pregnancy registries or studies- including:

• PRIORITY Study: A nationwide study of pregnant and recently pregnant women who are either under investigation for Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) or have been confirmed to have COVID-19. Health professionals can refer patients or patients can self-enroll on the PRIORITY website.
• OTIS/MotherToBaby: An observational COVID-19 and pregnancy study open to women in United States and Canada with known or suspected COVID-19 infection at any point during a current or recent pregnancy or within 30 days of the last menstrual period before conception. The study is also recruiting breastfeeding women with known or suspected COVID-19 infection for a lactation study. Learn more on the MotherToBaby website.
• The University of Washington is studying how COVID-19 might cause problems in pregnancy such as preterm labor and more severe disease in the mother. The purpose of this study, "Immune Response to Infections in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women and Men" is to investigate immune response of mothers and newborns with COVID-19 in pregnancy, influenza-like illness, and healthy pregnancies.
   

Learn more about COVID from the CDC Symptoms of Coronavirus page and from the URMC coronavirus site. The University of Rochester has also made a number of changes to our visitation and policies to help keep patients safe. Also see the Strong Memorial Hospital Obstetrics service guidelines for visitors.

Please call your primary care physician or utilize the NY State testing centers.  Our office cannot order this testing for you. 

Yes. All patients are tested for COVID-19 before admission to the hospital. Our office will arrange this for you. If you come into the hospital in labor or for a planned admission, we will test you on arrival. If you test positive, learn more about the restriction for patients with COVID on the obstetrical service. Please note these are both subject to change at any time depending on rates of COVID in the community.

Learn more about the current visitation rules on the UR Medicine Coronavirus site. Also, see our letter to patients to learn more about the rules for OB/GYN as of 12/3/2020. Please note these are both subject to change at any time depending on rates of COVID in the community.  

• A COVID shot is a vaccination to the COVID-19 which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• These are new vaccines, and there are several different versions.
• Vaccination represents the most promising strategy for combating COVID-19.
• These vaccines DO NOT contain live virus.
• You CANNOT get COVID from the vaccination.
• You can view the full patient information sheet for the COVID Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, Moderna vaccine, and Johnson & Johnson vaccine.

Pregnancy is a high-risk condition for developing a severe form of COVID-19 disease, with an increased risk for hospitalization, complications and death. More than half of pregnant individuals also fall into another high-priority category, including frontline workers and those with underlying medical conditions. If you get COVID-19 in pregnancy, and develop severe symptoms, you may need to be admitted and/or delivered early.

Since the theoretical risk of fetal harm from mRNA vaccines is very low, the benefits from vaccination likely greatly outweigh these risks in anyone exposed to COVID-19 at work or at home.

The American college of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Society of Maternal Medicine have more information and similarly recommend that for pregnant individuals, the decision to vaccinate must be left to each patient in consult with their trusted clinician, as well as notes the high risk nature of COVID infection in pregnancy. Learn more about vaccines on the CDC website as well.

Several national leadership organizations in pregnancy and neonatal care including - SMFM, AWHONN, NPWH, and ACNM have put out joint recommendations about COVID-19 and COVID vaccinations in pregnancy, with a great deal of more information about the risks of COVID-19 in pregnancy, and a discussion of the vaccine in pregnancy and lactation. These groups recommend that healthcare workers and others who are considered prioritized for vaccination, such as teachers or first responders, be offered the vaccine even if they pregnant or lactating, and discuss the options with their provider.

There is also no current information about the safety of the new COVID-19 vaccines during breastfeeding. Based upon the limited information that we have; we believe it will be safe for use during breastfeeding. The URMC lactation service has more information about COVID and lactation.

These decisions are complicated, and we understand that you may wish to speak to someone about them directly. Please talk to your obstetrical provider if you would like more information or help with making this decision. The MotherToBaby service has put together more information on vaccination and breastfeeding. They are also happy to speak with you as well, by text, chat, or phone.

Also see Doctors Say It's Safe for Pregnant Women to Take COVID-19 Vaccine, where Dr. Eva Pressman talks with 13 WHAM about the vaccine.

If you do choose to get the vaccine while pregnant or lactating, there is a national registry through the University of Washington to help us learn about the outcomes and safety of the COVID vaccine in pregnancy that you can join and well as one through MotherToBaby. The CDC has a large registry as well—V-SAFE. V-SAFE is a smartphone-based tool that uses text messaging and web surveys to provide personalized health check-ins after you receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Through V-SAFE, you can quickly tell CDC if you have any side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine.

Based on the initial V-SAFE data for pregnancy, over 30,000 patient have chosen to receive the COVID vaccine in pregnancy as of 2.16.21. The registry data suggest that the COVID vaccine appears to be very safe in pregnancy, with similar or lower rates of pregnancy complications in those that have been vaccinated compared to those in the general population in the United States.

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-02/28-03-01/05-covid-Shimabukuro.pdf

Pregnancy is a high-risk condition for developing a severe form of COVID-19 disease, and most data suggest that the vaccine is very safe in pregnancy. The American college of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Society of Maternal Medicine have more information and similarly recommend that for pregnant individuals, the decision to vaccinate must be left to each patient in consult with their trusted clinician, as well as notes the high risk nature of COVID infection in pregnancy.

There are three vaccinations currently on the market to fight COVID-19: COVID Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, Moderna vaccine, and Johnson & Johnson vaccine. There are no specific data that recommend one the vaccinations over the others, and they were testing at slightly different times, with different populations and sample sizes, limiting our ability to compare them. While there are pros and cons to each—all appear to be safe and effective, and most importantly, all appear to prevent hospitalization and death in 100% of those people were vaccinated. If you are choosing to receive the COVID vaccine, it is currently recommended that you get the product that is offered/available, given that the data suggest that all vaccinations currently available prevent hospitalization and death (which are the most serious concerns when a person develops COVID during pregnancy).

Source: https://www.vox.com/22307585/covid-19-vaccine-johnson-and-johnson-efficacy

Thank you for thinking of how we can learn the most about COVID Vaccination and COVID disease during pregnancy & lactation! We have listed a few studies that have come to our attention on COVID and COVID vaccination in pregnancy. There may be others as well.

For Studies on COVID Vaccines During Pregnancy and Lactation

• National registry to help us learn about the outcomes and safety of COVID vaccine through the University of Washington.
• COVID vaccine registry through MotherToBaby.
• CDC COVID vaccine registry—V-SAFE. V-SAFE is a smartphone-based tool that uses text messaging and web surveys to provide personalized health check-ins after you receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Through V-SAFE, you can quickly tell CDC if you have any side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine.

For Studies on COVID Exposure or Infection During Pregnancy or While Lactating

If you do have COVID while you are pregnant or lactating, please consider signing up for one of the COVID in pregnancy registries or studies- including:

• PRIORITY Study: A nationwide study of pregnant and recently pregnant women who are either under investigation for Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) or have been confirmed to have COVID-19. Health professionals can refer patients or patients can self-enroll on the PRIORITY website.
• OTIS/MotherToBaby: An observational COVID-19 and pregnancy study open to women in United States and Canada with known or suspected COVID-19 infection at any point during a current or recent pregnancy or within 30 days of the last menstrual period before conception. The study is also recruiting breastfeeding women with known or suspected COVID-19 infection for a lactation study. Learn more on the MotherToBaby website.
• The University of Washington is studying how COVID-19 might cause problems in pregnancy such as preterm labor and more severe disease in the mother. The purpose of this study, "Immune Response to Infections in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women and Men" is to investigate immune response of mothers and newborns with COVID-19 in pregnancy, influenza-like illness, and healthy pregnancies.

For Studies on COVID Vaccination and Disease During Lactation

Collecting Breast Milk Samples for Future Research

When some research ideas are initially formed, they need to be tested on small amounts of human breast milk before moving on to large studies. This study will collect a one-time breast milk sample and questionnaire from each participant for that purpose. Participants will be compensated $5 per breast milk sample (up to 4 samples). Additionally, this study will collect multiple breast milk samples from two different groups of mothers who can collect samples at home. The first group will help us learn more about food allergies by collecting samples before a meal and 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours after a meal containing one egg, one cup of milk, or a small handful of peanuts. If a woman is experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, they may join a different group that will provide samples over time to help us learn how long the virus is present in breast milk.

COVID-19 and Breastfeeding Mothers

We are seeking breastfeeding moms in the Rochester area — with a baby under 6 months old — who have recently been diagnosed with COVID-19, ideally within the previous 7 days. The purpose of this study is to determine if there may be COVID-19 virus in various samples we collect from mother and child. These samples include mother’s breast milk, skin swab, saliva, and blood sample, as well as infant stool samples. These will be taken within certain windows of time at your convenience inside the home. Participation in this study will be for 90 days. You will be reimbursed a total of $60 ($30 after day 10 collection and another $30 after the day 90 collection) via check.

There is a lot of information about there about COVID vaccine safety, and a lot of opinions, it can be hard to know what to believe, and what to do. 

The CDC COVID vaccine myths and information page has a lot of information on frequent questions and concerns about COVID vaccination, and is a great place to learn more from scientists with the lasted information. 

From the best available data, COVID vaccine is effective in preventing death and severe disease when a person gets exposed to the COVID virus. The risks of hospitalization and other complications are increased in pregnant people that get COVID, making them at increased risk for these complications. The COVID vaccine CANNOT cause COVID infection. There is NO data that COVID vaccine can harm the developing fetus, or cause COVID, or result in infertility. 

References:
https://news.sanfordhealth.org/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/vaccine-myths-vs-facts/
https://www.bannerhealth.com/staying-well/health-and-wellness/wellness/covid

Based on the initial V-SAFE data for pregnancy, over 30,000 patient have chosen to receive the COVID vaccine in pregnancy as of February 16, 2021. The registry data suggest that the COVID vaccine appears to be very safe in pregnancy, with similar or lower rates of pregnancy complications in those that have been vaccinated compared to those in the general population in the United States.

Some trusted place to get COVID vaccine information about safety, and how to get the vaccine are from the CDC COVID-19 Vaccine page, the URMC Coronavirus page, and from the NY State DOH Vaccine site.

These decisions are complicated, and we understand that you may wish to speak to someone about them directly. Please talk to your obstetrical provider if you would like more information or help with making this decision.